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Peacebuilding in Mozambique with special reference to the UN policy on landmine removalVan Tonder, Delarey 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The end of the Cold War had a profound impact on the qualitative and quantitative nature of the
UN's peace and security agenda, representing a shift from traditional peacekeeping to a broader,
more ambitious and intrusive notion of peacekeeping. This evolution was marked by an expanded
UN engagement in a broad range of intra-state conflicts and characterised by UN undertakings
towards aspects of national political and socio-economic reconstruction including the evolution
of humanitarian action.
Responding to the expanded United Nations agenda for international peace and security and at
the request of the UN Security Council (UNSC) Boutros Boutros-Ghali prepared the conceptual
foundations of the UN's role in global peace and security in his seminal report, An Agenda for
Peace (July, 1992). The Secretary General outlined five inter-connected roles that he projected
the UN would play in the fast changing context of post-Cold War international politics, namely:
preventive diplomacy, peace enforcement, peacemaking, peacekeeping and post-conflict peacebuilding.
The UNSG described the newly defined concept of post-conflict peacebuilding as action organised
"(to) foster economic and social co-operation with the purpose of developing the social,
political and economic infrastructure to prevent future violence, and laying the foundations for a
durable peace."
With specific reference to landmines in An Agenda for Peace the UNSG stressed that peacebuilding
following civil war and internal strife must address the serious problem of landmines, which
remained scattered in present or former combat zones. The UNSG underscored that mine action
(demining) should be emphasised in terms of reference of peacekeeping operations which is
crucially important in the restoration of activity when peacebuilding is under way.
The United Nations involvement in the Mozambican peace process (1992-1995) has been interpreted
as the culmination of a major success story in wider peacekeeping in Africa under UN auspices
- a category of peace operation, which included peacemaking, peacekeeping, humanitarian
assistance, peacebuilding and electoral assistance. Mozambique's peace process has subsequently
been cited as a model UN peacekeeping operation which could be adapted to post-conflict situation
elsewhere.
Within the context of landmines as a threat to post-conflict peacebuilding as articulated by the
UNSG in An Agenda for Peace, the study focuses on how the United Nations implemented mine
action initiatives in operationalising the concept of peacebuilding in Mozambique. In this context,
the study reviews the UN operation in Mozambique (ONUMOZ) and its capacity, responsiveness
and vision in implementing mine action initiatives, both in terms of the operational requirements
of the ONUMOZ peacekeeping mission and the development oflonger-term humanitarian mine
action programmes in Mozambique. To this end, the study views the establishment of a sustainable
indigenous mine action capacity as a sine que non for post -conflict peacebuilding.
From this perspective, the study interprets the 1999 Mine Ban Treaty Prohibiting the Use, Stockpile,
Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction and the rights
and obligations of Mozambique as a State Party to the Treaty as the most appropriate instrument
towards the creation of an indigenous Mozambican mine action capacity to address the long-term
effects oflandmines on post-conflict peacebuilding.
In terms of methodology the approach was historical-analytical and in essence a deductive
method of research was followed. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die einde van die Koue Oorlog het diepgaande verandering teweeggebring ten opsigte van die
Verenigde Nasies se vredes en sekuriteits regime ter handhawing van internasionale vrede en
sekuriteit. Hierdie periode is gekenmerk deur 'n skerp toename in intra-staatlike konflikte en
gevolglik in die kwalitatiewe en kwantitatiewe aard en omvang van Verenigde Nasies vredesoperasies
in terme van die VN Handves.
Ten einde die verantwoordelikhede van die Verenigde Nasies met betrekking tot die handhawing
van vrede en sekuriteit in die snel - veranderende konteks van die post - Koue Oorlog periode
aan te spreek, het die Sekretaris - Generaal van die Verenigde Nasies, Boutros Boutros - Gali,
in opdrag van die Veiligheidsraad die konseptuele fundering van die VN se rol verwoord in sy
pioniersverslag - Agenda vir Vrede (1992).
In sy verslag van Julie 1992 identifiseer en omskryf die Sekretaris-Generaal vyf verbandhoudende
konsepte wat sou dien as meganismes ter beslegting van internasionale konflik, naamlik
voorkomende diplomasie (preventive diplomacy), vredesingryping (peace enforcement),
maak van vrede (peacemaking), vredesoperasies (peacekeeping) en post-konflik vredeskonsolidasie
(post-conflict peacebuilding).
Die Sekretaris-Generaal het post-konflik vredeskonsolidasie omskryf as die "vestiging van
sosio-ekonomiese samewerking met die oogmerk om die sosiale, politieke en ekonomiese infrastruktuur
te ontwikkel ten einde hernude konflik te voorkom en ter grondlegging van langdurige
vrede".
Met spesifieke verwysing na die korrelasie tussen landmyne en post-konflik vredeskonsolidasie
het die Sekretaris-Generaal benadruk dat landmyne 'n bedreiging inhou vir die konsolidasie van
vrede na burgeroorlog en interne konflik, en veral binne die raamwerk van 'n VN vredesoperasie
in terme van 'n VN Veiligheidsraad mandaat.
Die VN se vredesrol in Mosambiek word allerweë beskou as een van die mees suksesvolle
VN vredesoperasies ooit. Die doel van die studie is gevolglik om ondersoek in te stel na die
toepassing van die konsep van post-konflik vredeskonsolidasie met spesifieke verwysing na
die Mosambiekse vredesproses en die rol van die Verenigde Nasies se Operasie in Mosambiek
(ONUMOZ). In die opsig fokus die studie spesifiek op die rol van ONUMOZ (1992-1995) en
suksesse en tekortkomings in sy vredesmandaat ten opsigte van die implementering van aksies
om die kort-en-langtermyn impak van landmyne in terme van post-konflik vredeskonsolidasie
in Mosambiek aan te spreek.
Vanuit hierdie konteks, vertolk die studie die Landmyn Verdrag (1999) en die totale verbod op
die aanwending, opgaar, produksie en oordrag van landmyne en die vernietiging daarvan as die
mees geskikte raamwerk waarbinne Mosambiek 'n inheemse vermoë tot stand kan bring ten
einde die langtermyn impak van landmyne op post-konflik vredeskonsolidasie effektief aan te
spreek.
Vanuit 'n metodologiese oogpunt word in hierdie studie histories analities te werk gegaan en
die benadering is beskrywend - verklarend van aard. Verder is die metode van ondersoek in
wese deduktief van aard.
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The changing nature of conflict in Africa : challenges for the United NationsWeldon, Catherine Leigh 04 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA) -- Stellenbosch University, 2006. / Includes bibliography / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The nature of conflict in Africa has changed from the Cold War to the post-cold War
era. This is evident in the internal and external factors and actors involved within the
conflict dynamics. During the Cold War era politics and the quest for control of the
state formed the basis for conflicts in Africa, from anti-colonial wars of independence
and liberation struggles to secessionist attempts. In the post-Cold War era with the
loss of external superpower support, this has changed with the growing significance
of identity politics, and conflicts based on the differences of ethnicity, religion and the
quest for the control of resources and land, characterised by extreme violence and the
rise of actors other than the state, within failed and collapsed states. These conflicts
have thus presented challenges to the United Nations (UN) in relation to its traditional
means of maintaining international peace and security, and the internal dynamics of
the decision-making processes, political will and accompanying resources and
financial factors within the organisation. The challenges faced by the UN in Africa
therefore lie not only within the nature of conflict and the nature of the African state
but also within the internal constraints inherent within the organisation itself. The
conflicts in Mozambique and Rwanda respectively represent how the nature of
conflict has changed in Africa from the Cold War to the post-Cold War era and both
illustrate the challenges the UN has faced in light of the changing nature of African
conflict. While Mozambique offers an example of a typical Cold War conflict, based
on the quest for control of the state and exacerbated by superpower support, Rwanda
represents an example of a typical post-Cold War internal conflict based on identity
politics and extreme violence manifest as genocide. By comparing and contrasting
these two conflicts, and the subsequent involvement of UN peace maintenance
operations in these conflicts, this thesis offers a comparative study of "old" and "new"
wars in Africa in order that a better understanding of the nature of conflict in Africa
can be reached and to illustrate the challenges faced by the UN in light of this
changing nature of conflict. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die aard van konflik in Afrika het vanaf die tydperk van die Koue Oorlog tot die na-Koue
Oorlog tydperk aansienlik verander. Dit is in die innerlike en uiterlike faktore
en akteurs wat by die konflik betrokke is waarneembaar. Gedurende die Koue Oorlog
tydperk was interstaatlike konflik 'n hoofkenmerk. Dit was ook die fase van antikoloniale
oorloë wat dikwels met eksterne steun geveg is. In die na-Koue Oorlog
tydperk met die verlies van uiterlike supermoondheid ondersteuning, het interne
konflik binne swak state dikwels oor die beheer van skaars hulpbronne, of oor
identiteit en griewe gegaan. Die konflik het uitdagings aan die Verenigde Nasies (VN)
gestel wie se vredesregime kwalik vir rebelle en kindersoldate voorsiening gemaak
het. Dit het ook eise gestel aan die politieke wilskrag van lede van die Veiligheidsraad
om in dergelike konflikte betrokke te raak. Die uitdaging vir die VN in Afrika lê dus
nie net in die aard van konflik en die aard van die staat in Afrika wat verander het nie,
maar ook in nuwe eise vir vrede. Die twee gevallestudies van die konflik in
Mosambiek en Rwanda demonstreer hoe hierdie aard van konflik verander het, en hoe
moeilik dit is om vrede te maak waar akteurs (rolspelers) kwalik binne konvensionele
raamwerke hanteer kan word. Waar Mosambiek 'n voorbeeld van 'n tipiese Koue
Oorlogse konflik was - stryd vir die beheer oor die staat en aangevuur deur
supermoonhede, is Ruanda weer 'n meer eietydse voorbeeld van 'n tipiese na-Koue
Oorlogse interne konflik, gebaseer op identiteitspolitiek wat met ekstreme geweld en
volksmoord gepaard gegaan het. Hierdie tesis bied 'n vergelykende studie van sulke
"ou" en "nuwe" oorloë in Afrika en bied moontlik 'n beter begrip van die aard en
oplossing van sulke konflikte wat by uitstek nuwe uitdagings aan die tradisionele
opvattings van die VN stel.
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