Thesis (Ph. D.)--Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005. / Rodgers, Michael O, Committee Member ; Contant, Cheryl, Committee Member ; Steinemann, Anne, Committee Member ; Amekudzi, Adjo, Committee Member ; Meyer, Michael D, Committee Chair. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1994. / Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 97-100). Also available via the Internet.

Thesis (M.Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 151-154).

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2004. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 128-130). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (M.A.)--York University, 2003. Graduate Programme in Psychology. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 65-82). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/yorku/fullcit?pMQ99404

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references and index.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2004. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 128-130). Also available on the Internet.

For over a decade UK legislation has existed which grants powers to English Local Authorities to implement a Workplace Parking Levy (WPL). Despite positive experiences in Australia of utilising area wide parking space levies to pay for public transport improvements, only one UK local authority to date (2017), Nottingham City Council, has chosen to implement a WPL. The Nottingham WPL scheme is intended to act as a transport demand management measure as well as a core funding mechanism for transport improvements including two new tram lines. Acceptance by the public and the business community is a key barrier to implementing a WPL. The two major criticisms of the Nottingham scheme prior to its implementation were that a WPL would discourage business investment and thus damage the economy while its intended impact on traffic congestion would be minimal. Therefore, a comprehensive evaluation of the Nottingham WPL scheme s performance is essential in order to facilitate transferability of this approach to other UK and European Cities. This thesis contributes to the wider WPL evaluation project by evaluating to what extent the Nottingham WPL has met three key objectives identified for the scheme which address the impact on congestion, transport mode share and inward investment. This research utilises a theoretical evaluation approach, a Theory of Change approach strengthened by elements of Realistic Evaluation . This approach provides an appropriate framework for evaluating progress towards the three key objectives by identifying a plausible model for change and expected impacts for the Nottingham WPL and the transport improvements which it part funds. This model or Theory of Change , is then tested to understand if the scheme is achieving the desired impacts by analysing appropriate indicators to measure and attribute change to causal factors. Methods used to facilitate this research include, benchmarking indicators against similar UK Cities, questionnaire surveys to assess the reasons for mode switch, time series modelling of the impact on congestion and a consideration of the reasoning behind investment and de-investment decisions made by businesses in Nottingham. It is concluded that while the WPL and its associated transport improvements are resulting in congestion constraint and mode shift away from commuting by car, these impacts are being reduced by the presence of exogenous change notably, economic and population growth, short term disruption to the road network resulting from roadworks associated with the construction of transport improvements and suppressed demand for commuting by car. Additionally, this research shows that there is a body of evidence which demonstrates that the WPL has not negatively impacted on levels of inward investment and that there is some evidence to date that suggests the improved transport system facilitated by the WPL is attractive to potential business investors.

Um dos obstáculos para o uso disseminado do multicast na Internet global é o desenvolvimento de protocolos de controle de congestionamento adequados. Um fator que contribui para este problema é a heterogeneidade de equipamentos, enlaces e condições de acesso dos receptores, a qual aumenta a complexidade de implementação e validação destes protocolos. Devido ao multicast poder envolver milhares de receptores simultaneamente, o desafio deste tipo de protocolo se torna ainda maior, pois além das questões relacionadas ao congestionamento da rede, é necessário considerar fatores como sincronismo, controle de feedbacks, equidade de tráfego, entre outros. Por esses motivos, os protocolos de controle de congestionamento multicast têm sido um tópico de intensa pesquisa nos últimos anos. Uma das alternativas para o controle de congestionamento multicast na Internet é o protocolo ALMTF (Adaptive Layered Multicast TCP-Friendly), o qual faz parte do projeto SAM (Sistema Adaptativo Multimídia). Uma vantagem desse algoritmo é inferir o nível de congestionamento da rede, determinando a taxa de recebimento mais apropriada para cada receptor. Além disso, ele realiza o controle da banda recebida, visando à justiça e a imparcialidade com os demais tráfegos concorrentes. O ALMTF foi desenvolvido originalmente em uma Tese de doutorado e teve a sua validação no simulador de redes NS-2 (Network Simulator). Este trabalho tem como objetivo estender o protocolo para uma rede real, implementando, validando os seus mecanismos e propondo novas alternativas que o adaptem para esse ambiente. Além disso, efetuar a comparação dos resultados reais com a simulação, identificando as diferenças e promovendo as pesquisas experimentais na área. / One of the obstacles for the widespread use of the multicast in the global Internet is the development of adequate protocols for congestion control. One factor that contributes for this problem is the heterogeneity of equipments, enlaces and conditions of access of the receivers, which increases the implementation and validation complexity of these protocols. Due to the number (thousands) of receivers simultaneously involved in multicast, the challenge of these protocols is even higher. Besides the issues related to the network congestion, it is necessary to consider factors such as synchronism, feedback control, fairness, among others. For these reasons, the multicast congestion control protocols have been a topic of intense research in recent years. The ALMTF protocol (Adaptive Layered Multicast TCP-Friendly), which is part of project SAM, is one of the alternatives for the multicast congestion control in the Internet. One advantage of this algorithm is its ability to infer the network congestion level, assigning the best receiving rate for each receptor. Besides that, the protocol manages the received rate, aiming to achieve fairness and impartiality with the competing network traffic. The ALMTF was developed originally in a Ph.D. Thesis and had its validation under NS-2 simulator. The goal this work is to extend the protocol ALMTF for a real network, validating its mechanisms and considering new alternatives to adapt it for this environment. Moreover, to make the comparison of the real results with the simulation, being identified the differences and promoting the experimental research in the area.

Um dos obstáculos para o uso disseminado do multicast na Internet global é o desenvolvimento de protocolos de controle de congestionamento adequados. Um fator que contribui para este problema é a heterogeneidade de equipamentos, enlaces e condições de acesso dos receptores, a qual aumenta a complexidade de implementação e validação destes protocolos. Devido ao multicast poder envolver milhares de receptores simultaneamente, o desafio deste tipo de protocolo se torna ainda maior, pois além das questões relacionadas ao congestionamento da rede, é necessário considerar fatores como sincronismo, controle de feedbacks, equidade de tráfego, entre outros. Por esses motivos, os protocolos de controle de congestionamento multicast têm sido um tópico de intensa pesquisa nos últimos anos. Uma das alternativas para o controle de congestionamento multicast na Internet é o protocolo ALMTF (Adaptive Layered Multicast TCP-Friendly), o qual faz parte do projeto SAM (Sistema Adaptativo Multimídia). Uma vantagem desse algoritmo é inferir o nível de congestionamento da rede, determinando a taxa de recebimento mais apropriada para cada receptor. Além disso, ele realiza o controle da banda recebida, visando à justiça e a imparcialidade com os demais tráfegos concorrentes. O ALMTF foi desenvolvido originalmente em uma Tese de doutorado e teve a sua validação no simulador de redes NS-2 (Network Simulator). Este trabalho tem como objetivo estender o protocolo para uma rede real, implementando, validando os seus mecanismos e propondo novas alternativas que o adaptem para esse ambiente. Além disso, efetuar a comparação dos resultados reais com a simulação, identificando as diferenças e promovendo as pesquisas experimentais na área. / One of the obstacles for the widespread use of the multicast in the global Internet is the development of adequate protocols for congestion control. One factor that contributes for this problem is the heterogeneity of equipments, enlaces and conditions of access of the receivers, which increases the implementation and validation complexity of these protocols. Due to the number (thousands) of receivers simultaneously involved in multicast, the challenge of these protocols is even higher. Besides the issues related to the network congestion, it is necessary to consider factors such as synchronism, feedback control, fairness, among others. For these reasons, the multicast congestion control protocols have been a topic of intense research in recent years. The ALMTF protocol (Adaptive Layered Multicast TCP-Friendly), which is part of project SAM, is one of the alternatives for the multicast congestion control in the Internet. One advantage of this algorithm is its ability to infer the network congestion level, assigning the best receiving rate for each receptor. Besides that, the protocol manages the received rate, aiming to achieve fairness and impartiality with the competing network traffic. The ALMTF was developed originally in a Ph.D. Thesis and had its validation under NS-2 simulator. The goal this work is to extend the protocol ALMTF for a real network, validating its mechanisms and considering new alternatives to adapt it for this environment. Moreover, to make the comparison of the real results with the simulation, being identified the differences and promoting the experimental research in the area.