某些字彙可預告句子間的關係及文章架構。這些特殊的預測性字彙包含了連接詞及一部份的名詞、動詞、形容詞及副詞。本研究的目的是探討學習這類預測性字彙在提昇學生閱讀能力的成效。 研究對象是桃園縣某所高中104位三年級學生。研究主要工具包括一份評估學生閱讀能力的全民英檢考題；兩份問卷用來調查學生對於預測性字彙及文章架構的認知；及最後進行的訪談以了解教學成效。研究過程分為三個步驟: (1)前測--- 閱讀能力測驗及問卷。以測驗成績將分數高於平均的學生分至A組而分數低於平均的學生分至B組，來調查不同程度的學生對此教學的回應有無任何差異。而問卷則是調查學生對所要教授的預測性字彙及文章架構有無任何背景知識 (2)教學實驗---為期四個月的預測性字彙與文章結構教學 (3)後測--- 問卷及個別訪談，以瞭解學生在學過預測性字彙與文章結構後，在提昇閱讀能力方面有無任何成效。 研究結果發現，此教學實驗對學生的英文閱讀能力有正面影響。學生回應在閱讀時的速度及在興趣和信心這兩方面都比在接受教學之前提升。A組的學生在有關篇章結構的閱讀測驗題目中表現較B組學生好。同時A組的學生也比較知道如何使用預測性字彙來解析文章結構。至於學生常用的字彙為連接詞。 / Certain lexical items are strongly associated with identifiable clause and textual patterns. In other words, they represent the organization of discourse. These words include connectives and a set of open-system vocabulary with similar properties like connectives. The purpose of the study is to investigate how the instruction in lexical signals and pattern may facilitate reading comprehension. The researcher also examines what kind of predictive words are used most frequently in the process. One hundred and four students, from a senior high school in Taoyuan, were the participants of the study. The reading comprehension test of GEPT, intermediate level (LTTC, 2002), was used to classify the subjects into two sub-groups before the instruction. Group A was the one with the scores above the mean of the test scores. Group B was the one with the scores below the mean. The researcher classified the two groups so as to examine if the subjects in the two groups had any different feedback or response to the instruction. A questionnaire was applied to investigate if the subjects had any idea about the use of signals and patterns before the instruction. Then, a four-month signal and pattern instruction was conducted on all the participants in the study. After the instruction, the second questionnaire was applied to the subjects to gather their feedbacks and responses to the instruction. Furthermore, 30 subjects were randomly selected for interview to get in-depth information for qualitative analysis. The results show the instruction had a positive effect on the subjects when they read English texts. Their reading speed, interests and confidence increased after the teaching of organizing signals and text patterns. And they were confident in using signals to spell out clause patterns. However, some of the subjects had problems of identifying textual patterns, which usually involve several clause patterns combined together to form a text. The signals they used most frequently were connectives, the most overt signals in texts. And the subjects in Group A performed better than those in Group B when making use of predictive signals to spell out patterns. The result shows a strong relationship between the subjects’ English proficiency level and their manipulation of discourse-organizing words and textual patterns.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:25:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5291.pdf: 1691147 bytes, checksum: 6237019159d4f6ec433bc53b411ea868 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-18 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / In this research, we propose the synchronic study of adverbial clauses initiated by conjunctions dado que, desde que and uma vez que in written Brazilian Portuguese. Considering that these conjunctions may express causality and conditionality, the distinction between the interpretation of causal clauses and conditional clauses is not only a result of syntactic features but also of semantic and pragmatic ones. The analysis is based on the Functionalist Theory, in the terms of Dik (1989), Hengeveld (1998), Hengeveld and Mackenzie (2008), Sweetser (1990), among others, and this study provides, through a detailed description of these conjuctions at the discourse level, characteristics of dado que, desde que and uma vez que in their effective use. The corpus of this research is composed by written texts, which were collected at the Corpus do Português, available at: http://www.corpusdoportugues.org. The features considered in this analysis were: (i) the order of the causal and the conditional clauses in relation to the main clause, (ii) the verbal tenses correlations, (iii) the semantic parameters (type of entity; factuality; presupposition and time dependence) proposed by Hengeveld (1998), (iv) levels and layers of analysis, according to Hengeveld and Mackenzie (2008), and (v) domains of use of Sweetser (1990). This research aims at showing how a natural language user 'acts', so that his/her verbal interaction is successful in face of his/her communicative intentions. This study also provides linguistic subsidies for the automatic treatment of language. / Neste trabalho, propõe-se o estudo sincrônico das orações adverbiais iniciadas pelas locuções conjuntivas dado que, desde que e por uma vez que no português escrito do Brasil. Considerando que essas locuções conjuntivas podem expressar as relações de causalidade e de condicionalidade, a distinção entre uma interpretação e outra não é resultado apenas de fatores sintáticos mas também de fatores de natureza semântica e pragmática. Baseada em pressupostos teóricos funcionalistas como os de Dik (1989), Hengeveld (1998), Hengeveld e Mackenzie (2008), Sweetser (1990), entre outros, esta pesquisa fornece, por meio de uma descrição detalhada do comportamento funcional dessas locuções no nível discursivo, as características de dado que, desde que e de uma vez que em contextos reais de uso. Com base nas ocorrências fornecidas por textos escritos, obtidas no Corpus do Português, disponível em: <http://www.corpusdoportugues.org>, examinam-se fatores como: (i) a ordem frasal dominante da oração causal/condicional em relação à oração-núcleo; (ii) as correlações modotemporais; (iii) os parâmetros semânticos (tipo de entidade; factualidade; pressuposição e dependência temporal) propostos por Hengeveld (1998); (iv) níveis e camadas de Hengeveld e Mackenzie (2008), e (v) os domínios de Sweetser (1990). Esta pesquisa procura demonstrar como o usuário de uma língua natural opera de modo que a interação verbal seja bem sucedida conforme suas intenções comunicativas e ainda fornece subsídios linguísticos para o tratamento automático da linguagem.

Orientador: Marcos Aurelio Pereira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T20:38:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fortes_FabiodaSilva_M.pdf: 852135 bytes, checksum: 6844247a948a6e0fd5ce5eb1b25d6e64 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Os marcadores discursivos (MDs) podem ser definidos, de forma geral, como um grupo bastante amplo de mecanismos verbais (vocábulos, pequenas cláusulas, expressões cristalizadas etc.) que atuam no nível pragmático, inscrevendo a enunciação no discurso, e textual, organizando coesivamente partes do texto (cf. Schiffrin, 1996; Risso et al., 1996). Realizam-se, freqüentemente, por usos não prototípicos de conjunções, preposições e interjeições. Suas propriedades têm sido encontradas em ocorrências discursivas análogas no latim. Caroline Kroon (1995, 1998) destacou um grupo de vocábulos latinos que pareciam conjugar as funções textuais-discursivas supramencionadas: nam, enim, igitur, ergo, autem, vero e at, desenvolvendo extensa pesquisa de seu funcionamento no texto. O objetivo central de nossa pesquisa é verificar nos textos de Donato (séc. IV d.C.) ¿ nas seções De coniunctione, De praepositione e De interiectione, contidos na sua Ars maior ¿ e Prisciano (séc. VI d.C.) ¿ nos livros XIV, parte do XV e XVI, de suas Institutiones grammaticae ¿, a maneira como são neles tratadas as propriedades hoje consideradas ¿textuais¿ e ¿pragmáticas¿, que permitem uma aproximação entre as antigas preposições, conjunções e interjeições latinas e o atual conceito de MDs / Abstract: Discourse markers (DMs) can be defined as a very wide range of verbal mechanisms (words, small clauses, crystallised expressions etc.) that play a role both on a pragmatic level, inscribing enunciation in discourse, and on a textual level, organising parts of the text cohesively (cf. Schiffrin, 1996; Risso et al., 1996). They are expressed by non-prototypical usages of conjunctions, prepositions and interjections. Their properties have been found in analogous discourse occurrencies in Latin. Caroline Kroon (1995, 1998) has developed an extensive research on a number of words that she considered having these same discourse and textual properties: nam, enim, igitur, ergo, autem, vero and at. The core objective of our research is to verify within Donatus¿s Ars maior (c. IV a.D) ¿ in the sections De coniunctione, De praepositione and De interiectione ¿ and Priscian¿s Institutiones grammaticae (c. VI a.D) ¿ in the books XIV, part of XV and XVI ¿ the way the properties considered nowadays as belonging to the ¿textual¿ and ¿pragmatic¿ domains, had been addressed by the Latin grammarians and allow us to make an approximation between the ancient concepts of Latin prepositions, conjunctions and interjections and the current concept of DMs / Mestrado / Mestre em Linguística