Symplectic geometry can be traced back to Lagrange and his work on celestial mechanics and has since then been a very active field in mathematics, partly because of the applications it offers but also because of the beauty of the objects it deals with. I this thesis we begin by the simplest fact of symplectic geometry. We give the definition of a symplectic space and of the symplectic group, Sp(n). A symplectic space is the data of an even-dimensional space and of a form which satisfies a number of properties. Having done this we give a definition of the Lagrangian Grassmannian Lag(n) which consists of all n-dimensional subspaces of the symplectic space on which the symplectic form vanishes. We carefully study the topology of these spaces and their universal coverings. It is of great interest to know how the elements of the Lagrangian Grassmannian intersect each other. A lot of efforts have therefore been made to construct intersection indices for elements of Lag(n). They have gone under many names but have had a sole purpose, namely to give us a way to determine how these elements intersect. We show how these elements are constructed and extend the definition to paths of elements of Lag(n) and Sp(n). We end this thesis by extending the definition of an index defined by Conley and Zehnder bu using the properties of the Leray index. Their index plays a significant role in the theory of periodic Hamiltonian orbit.

Topology-related issues are becoming increasingly important in Computer Graphics. This research examines the use of topological analysis for solving two important problems in 3D Graphics: surface parameterization, and vector field design on surfaces. Many applications, such as high-quality and interactive image synthesis, benefit from the solutions to these problems. Surface parameterization refers to segmenting a 3D surface into a number of patches and unfolding them onto a plane. A surface parameterization allows surface properties to be sampled and stored in a texture map for high-quality and interactive display. One of the most important quality measurements for surface parameterization is stretch, which causes an uneven sampling rate across the surface and needs to be avoided whenever possible. In this thesis, I present an automatic parameterization technique that segments the surface according to the handles and large protrusions in the surface. This results in a small number of large patches that can be unfolded with relatively little stretch. To locate the handles and large protrusions, I make use of topological analysis of a distance-based function on the surface. Vector field design refers to creating continuous vector fields on 3D surfaces with control over vector field topology, such as the number and location of the singularities. Many graphics applications make use of an input vector field. The singularities in the input vector field often cause visual artifacts for these applications, such as texture synthesis and non-photorealistic rendering. In this thesis, I describe a vector field design system for both planar domains and 3D mesh surfaces. The system provides topological editing operations that allow the user to control the number and location of the singularities in the vector field. For the system to work for 3D meshes surface, I present a novel piecewise interpolating scheme that produces a continuous vector field based on the vector values defined at the vertices of the mesh. I demonstrate the effectiveness of the system through several graphics applications: painterly rendering of still images, pencil-sketches of surfaces, and texture synthesis.

Le sujet de cette thèse est la question du nombre minimal d'orbites de Reeb distinctes sur une variété de contact qui est le bord d'une variété symplectique compacte.<p>L'homologie symplectique $S^1$-équivariante positive est un des outils principaux de cette thèse; elle est construite à partir d'orbites périodiques de champs de vecteurs hamiltoniens sur une variété symplectique<p>dont le bord est la variété de contact considérée.<p>Nous analysons la relation entre les différentes variantes d'homologie symplectique d'une variété symplectique exacte compacte (domaine de Liouville) et les orbites de Reeb de son bord.<p>Nous démontrons certaines propriétés de ces homologies.<p>Pour un domaine de Liouville plongé dans un autre, nous construisons un morphisme entre leurs homologies.<p>Nous étudions ensuite l'invariance de ces homologies par rapport au choix de la forme de contact sur le bord.<p>Nous utilisons l'homologie symplectique $S^1$-équivariante positive pour donner une nouvelle preuve d'un théorème de Ekeland et Lasry<p>sur le nombre minimal d'orbites de Reeb distinctes sur certaines hypersurfaces dans $R^{2n}$.<p>Nous indiquons comment étendre au cas de certaines hypersurfaces dans certains fibrés en droites complexes négatifs.<p>Nous donnons une caractérisation et une nouvelle façon de calculer l'indice de Conley-Zehnder généralisé, défini par Robbin et Salamon pour tout chemin de matrices symplectiques.<p>Ceci nous a mené à développer de nouvelles formes normales de matrices symplectiques.<p>/<p>This thesis deals with the question of the minimal number of distinct periodic Reeb orbits on a contact manifold which is the boundary of a compact symplectic manifold.<p>The positive $S^1$-equivariant symplectic homology is one of the main tools considered in this thesis.<p>It is built from periodic orbits of Hamiltonian vector fields in a symplectic manifold whose boundary is the given contact manifold.<p>Our first result describes the relation between the symplectic homologies of an exact compact symplectic manifold with contact type boundary (also called Liouville domain), and the periodic Reeb orbits on the boundary.<p>We then prove some properties of these homologies.<p>For a Liouville domain embedded into another one, we construct a morphism between their homologies.<p>We study the invariance of the homologies with respect to the choice of the contact form on the boundary.<p>We use the positive $S^1$-equivariant symplectic homology to give a new proof of a Theorem by Ekeland and Lasry about the minimal number of distinct periodic Reeb orbits on some hypersurfaces in $R^{2n}$.<p>We indicate how it extends to some hypersurfaces in some negative line bundles.<p>We also give a characterisation and a new way to compute the generalized Conley-Zehnder index defined by Robbin and Salamon for any path of symplectic matrices.<p>A tool for this is a new analysis of normal forms for symplectic matrices. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

We generalize Forman’s discrete Morse theory, on one end by developing a discrete analogue of Morse-Bott theory for CW complexes, motivated by Morse-Bott theory in the smooth setting. On the other, motivated by J-N. Corvellec’s Morse theory for continuous functionals, we generalize Forman’s discrete Morse-floer theory by considering a vector field more general than the one extracted from a discrete Morse function, and defining a boundary operator from which the Betti numbers of the CW complex are obtained. We also do some Conley theory analysis.