Studies of binding reactions are of highest importance in a vast number of areas of biomedicine and biotechnology. A demand for fast and accurate small-volume measurements grows stronger, partly due to the development of therapeutic antibodies. In this report, a novel method for studies of binding reactions of antibodies is described. The use of a microfluidic platform shows promising results in determination of affinity binding constants. Affinities between 1E-09 and 1E-11 M have been determined for four TSH antibodies. Reproducibility tests give a CV below 10%, using different Gyrolab instruments and microfluidic CD:s. The method carries the advantages of using solution-based measurements of unmodified molecules. Also an initial proof-of-concept for measurement of binding reaction rate constants shows further usage of the method. The kinetic association rate constant has been determined to 2E+06 M-1s-1 for one antibody. The possibility of using this method for screening of antibody libraries is also discussed.

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This thesis is a partial investigation of instabilities in the interstellar gas which are driven by a coupling between the ambient radiation field and the gas, and which do not arise when this coupling is missed out. The modes of couplings considered are, firstly, the attenuation of the radiation with the concomitant effects on the temperature, density and composition of the gas, in various combinations. Secondly, velocity dependent effects are examined in various circumstances and thirdly, radiation pressure, not included in the other two, is looked at in the simple case in which temperature and compositional changes are excluded. The explanation of why these instabilities may be of interest, and an outline of the extent to which similar instabilities have been investigated, is given in Chapter 1. Chapter 2 gives details of the basic equations used in the case in which the absorption line shape is ignored. Many of the equations are used in the other chapters. The equations are linearised in perturbations of the density, temperature, radiation field and composition, and the resulting dispersion relationship is found for a harmonic perturbation. Because of the attenuation term in the radiative transfer equation, the polynomial has complex coefficients. In Chapter 3 we investigate the properties of the roots of a complex polynomial by an extension of Routh's methods, and derive a set of criteria to determine the number of roots which have positive real part. These roots correspond to exponentially growing perturbations, or, in other words, they correspond to instabilities. Later in the chapter we apply these methods to Field's dispersion relationship for thermal instabilities and derive many of his conclusions in a fairly simple way. By a slight extension the method yields estimates of the growth times of the instabilities. Some related situations are also examined in a similar way. After the detour of Chapter 3, Chapter 4 gives details of some models of the heating and cooling of the interstellar gas as well as of the reactions to be considered, namely the formation and destruction of H₂ and of carbon ions. Some of the limitations of the models are also discussed and the roots of the dispersion relation are given for different values of the parameters. New instabilities do appear; for H₂ their timescales of growth are rather too long to be of interest; for carbon no short timescale instabilities are discovered. Chapter 5 gives similar details for a system of pure hydrogen gas which may be of interest in studies of the formation of the first generation of stars. In Chapter 6 there is a criticism of an earlier work by Schatzman on a similar subject, in which it is shown that his analysis was wrong. Chapter 7 deals with a new possibility, namely that, as the gas moves, photons will be seen to be shifted in frequency and so the molecules will be exposed to a new set of destructive photons at frequencies which have not been selectively absorbed in the unperturbed gas. First the simplest case, that in which the temperature is unperturbed, is treated analytically. The attenuation of the radiation field is not considered. The effectiveness of this doppler-induced effect depends upon both the absorption profile and the radiation spectrum; these factors as well as temperature perturbations are included next. Both line absorption and continuum absorption are considered. The former is used to investigate the stability of the interstellar gas and of pure hydrogen gas, where hydrogen molecules are dissociated by line absorption; the latter is used in connection with HII regions and also the interstellar gas where the photodissociated species are hydrogen atoms and neutral carbon respectively. Radiation pressure was not included in the previous chapters but in Chapter 8 a modified version of Field's theory of instabilities driven by radiation pressure is presented. The new feature is that the frequency dependence of the absorption coefficient is included in the equations and this, in the case of a flat radiation spectrum, leads to an exact cancellation of the dominant term in Field's equation. Several restrictive features of Field's conclusions are thus modified and seem to make this instability rather more useful in the study of instabilities in the interstellar gas than it appeared in Field's work.

The first part of this thesis establishes a series of geometric ineqalities related to fractional integration in some geometric settings, including bilinear and multilinear forms. In the second part of this thesis, we study some kinds of rearrangement inequalities. In particular, some applications of rearrangement inequalities will be given, for instance, the determination of the extremals of some geometric problems. By competing symmetries and rearrangement inequalities, we prove the sharp versions of geometric inequalities introduced in the first part in Euclidean spaces. Meanwhile, there are the corresponding conformally equivalent formulations in unit sphere and in hyperbolic space. The last part is about collaborative work on the regularity of the Hardy-Littlewood maximal functions. We give a simple proof to improve Tanaka's result of the paper entitled "A remark on the derivative of the one-dimensional Hardy-Littlewood maximal function". Our proof is based on the behaviour of the local maximum of the non-centered Hardy-Littlewood maximal function.

by Wing-keung Mak. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 51-53). / by Wing-keung Mak. / Acknowledgments --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / Table of Content --- p.iii / Chapter Chapter One --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter Two --- Theory / Chapter 2.1 --- Theory of Two-wave Coupling --- p.3 / Chapter 2.2 --- Theory of Fanning --- p.8 / Chapter 2.3 --- Theory of Time Dependent Absorption Coefficients of Photorefractive Crystals --- p.10 / Chapter Chapter Three --- Photorefractive Fabry-Perot Etalon / Chapter 3.1 --- Theory and Numerical Computation --- p.12 / Chapter 3.2 --- Summary of Crystal Parameters --- p.15 / Chapter 3.3 --- Experimental Studies of Interference Patterns --- p.16 / Chapter 3.4 --- Intensity Dependence of Fabry-Perot Etalon Interference Patterns --- p.25 / Chapter 3.5 --- Fanning --- p.29 / Chapter 3.6 --- Bright Spots on Interference Patterns --- p.31 / Chapter Chapter Four --- Time Dependent Absorption Coefficients of Photorefractive Crystals / Chapter 4.1 --- Experiments Using Laser Light --- p.34 / Chapter 4.2 --- Experiments Using White Light --- p.44 / Chapter Chapter Five --- Conclusion and Future Outlook --- p.49 / References --- p.51

The spin-foam is a covariant path-integral style approaching to the quantization of the gravity. There exist several spin-foam models of which the most successful one is the Engle-Pereira-Rovelli-Levine/Freidel-Krasnov (EPRL-FK) model. Using the EPRLFK model people are able to calculate the transition amplitude and the n-point functions of 4D geometry (both Euclidean and Lorentzian) surrounding by a given triangulated 3D geometry. The semi-classical limit of the EPRL-FK amplitude reproduces discrete classical gravity under certain assumptions, which shows that the EPRLFK model can be understood as UV completion of general relativity. On the other hand, it is very hard to dene a continuum limit and couple a cosmological constant to the EPRL-FK model. In this dissertation, we addressed the problems about continuum limit and coupling a cosmological constant to the EPRL-FK model. Followed by chapter one as a brief introduction of the loop quantum gravity and EPRL-FK model, chapter two introduces our work about demonstrating (for the first time) that smooth curved spacetime geometries satisfying Einstein equation can emerge from discrete spin-foam models under an appropriate low energy limit, which corresponds to a semi-classical continuum limit of spin-foam models. In chapter three, we bring in the cosmological constant into the spin-foam model by coupling the SL(2, C) Chern-Simons action with the EPRL action, and find that the quantum simplicity constraint is realized as the 2d surface defect in SL(2, C)Chern-Simons theory in the construction of spin-foam amplitudes. In chapter four, we present a way to describe the twisted geometry with cosmological constant whose corresponding quantum states can forms the Hilbert space of the loop quantum gravity with cosmological constant. In chapter five, we introduced a new definition of the graviton propagator, and calculate its semi-classical limit in the contents of spin-foam model with the cosmological constant. Finally the chapter six will be a outlook for my future work. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2019. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Thesis (M.S.)--Brigham Young University. Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 87-88).

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A study was made of the thermoreflectance spectra of a series of five thin film samples spanning the range of composition of the amorphous Ge(x)Te(1-x) binary semiconductors. The experiment was performed over photon energies ranging from 0.5 ev in the infrared to 6 ev in the ultraviolet. The results are plotted for energies above the absorption edge. In the Ge-rich materials there was little structure in the thermoreflectance spectrum. However, there was the development of two peaks in the spectrum as the Te content was increased beyond a 50:50 mixture. The results are analyzed in terms of optical constants and electronic structure. It was found that the energy separation of the peaks in the thermoreflectance corresponded closely to the separation of peaks in the valence band density of states seen in photoemission experiments. The existence of the two peaks indicates a "lone pair" band of energy levels positioned between the valence and conduction bands. This is aditional evidence of two-fold coordination of the Te atoms in these materials. At energies below the band gap there was strong interference due to increased transimission of the film. This made the analysis more complicated. A procedure is discussed for extracting from the modulated interference the specific changes occurring in the optical constants with temperature modulation.