Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-12-16Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:04:34Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 gomes_ln_dr_botfca.pdf: 919435 bytes, checksum: 21a680807df6222aa5f0029cc1b06f57 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / A ação de processos erosivos em áreas rurais constitui um dos principais problemas da agricultura mundial. A falta de ações conservacionistas nessas áreas, somadas às ações de intemperismo proporciona perda considerável de solos agricultáveis, prejuízo ambiental que é acrescido pela poluição e assoreamento dos rios. Na tentativa de potencializar a produção de alimentos e visando atender à demanda proporcionada pelo crescente aumento da população, técnicas como o cultivo mínimo e o plantio direto contribuem para que haja equilíbrio entre produção agrícola e o meio ambiente, interesse patente das gerações presente e futura. Contudo, notadamente em pequenas propriedades rurais, é comum ainda o uso de tecnologias convencionais, como implantação de cordões de contorno. Em pequena propriedade rural, em área de reforma de pastagem, foram locados quatro cordões de contorno utilizando trator e arado convencional. Com estação total foram realizados dois levantamentos planialtimétricos, logo após a construção dos cordões de contorno e decorridos doze meses. Os dados foram processados pelos softwares DataGEOSIS e LandDESKTOP, onde foram criados artifícios para o cálculo do volume admissível nos canais dos cordões de contorno nas duas épocas distintas com o objetivo de verificar a validade da modelagem numérica do terreno na caracterização da movimentação de solo nos canais. Com base na metodologia adotada foi possível concluir que o modelo numérico do terreno permitiu avaliar o volume de solo movimentado nas três feições de relevo estudadas (relevo natural à montante, fundo do canal e camalhão), quando se constatou que a diminuição da capacidade de acúmulo de águas pluviais nos cordões de contorno foi em média 20,76% em um ano. / The actions of the erosive process in rural areas constitutes one of the most serious problem in agriculture worldwide. The lack of conservationist actions in those areas added to the weathering actions led to a preoccupying agricultural soil loss, environmental damage increased by pollution and rivers sedimentation. To attempt to increase the food production and aiming to help the food demand due to the population increasing, techniques like minimum tillage and no tillage contribute to the equilibrium between agricultural production and environment, what is the interest of the current and future generations. However, mainly in small farms it is common the use of conventional techniques like the contour lines implantation. In an area of pasture reformation into a small farm, four contour lines were demarcated using a tractor and conventional plow. Using a total station were made two topographic survey just after the contour lines demarcation and after twelve months. The data were processed using the software DataGEOSIS and LandDESKTOP, where artifices were created to the calculation of the possible water volume into channels of contour lines for the two dates of surveying, aiming to verify the validity of numerical terrain model to the soil movement characterization into channels. Considering the methodology used was possible to conclude that the numerical terrain model allowed to evaluate the soil volume alteration in the three relief forms studied (natural relief above, channel bottom and soil ridge), when was verified that the water storage capacity into contour lines decreased in average 20,76 % in a year.

Resumo: A ação de processos erosivos em áreas rurais constitui um dos principais problemas da agricultura mundial. A falta de ações conservacionistas nessas áreas, somadas às ações de intemperismo proporciona perda considerável de solos agricultáveis, prejuízo ambiental que é acrescido pela poluição e assoreamento dos rios. Na tentativa de potencializar a produção de alimentos e visando atender à demanda proporcionada pelo crescente aumento da população, técnicas como o cultivo mínimo e o plantio direto contribuem para que haja equilíbrio entre produção agrícola e o meio ambiente, interesse patente das gerações presente e futura. Contudo, notadamente em pequenas propriedades rurais, é comum ainda o uso de tecnologias convencionais, como implantação de cordões de contorno. Em pequena propriedade rural, em área de reforma de pastagem, foram locados quatro cordões de contorno utilizando trator e arado convencional. Com estação total foram realizados dois levantamentos planialtimétricos, logo após a construção dos cordões de contorno e decorridos doze meses. Os dados foram processados pelos softwares DataGEOSIS e LandDESKTOP, onde foram criados artifícios para o cálculo do volume admissível nos canais dos cordões de contorno nas duas épocas distintas com o objetivo de verificar a validade da modelagem numérica do terreno na caracterização da movimentação de solo nos canais. Com base na metodologia adotada foi possível concluir que o modelo numérico do terreno permitiu avaliar o volume de solo movimentado nas três feições de relevo estudadas (relevo natural à montante, fundo do canal e camalhão), quando se constatou que a diminuição da capacidade de acúmulo de águas pluviais nos cordões de contorno foi em média 20,76% em um ano. / Abstract : The actions of the erosive process in rural areas constitutes one of the most serious problem in agriculture worldwide. The lack of conservationist actions in those areas added to the weathering actions led to a preoccupying agricultural soil loss, environmental damage increased by pollution and rivers sedimentation. To attempt to increase the food production and aiming to help the food demand due to the population increasing, techniques like minimum tillage and no tillage contribute to the equilibrium between agricultural production and environment, what is the interest of the current and future generations. However, mainly in small farms it is common the use of conventional techniques like the contour lines implantation. In an area of pasture reformation into a small farm, four contour lines were demarcated using a tractor and conventional plow. Using a total station were made two topographic survey just after the contour lines demarcation and after twelve months. The data were processed using the software DataGEOSIS and LandDESKTOP, where artifices were created to the calculation of the possible water volume into channels of contour lines for the two dates of surveying, aiming to verify the validity of numerical terrain model to the soil movement characterization into channels. Considering the methodology used was possible to conclude that the numerical terrain model allowed to evaluate the soil volume alteration in the three relief forms studied (natural relief above, channel bottom and soil ridge), when was verified that the water storage capacity into contour lines decreased in average 20,76 % in a year. / Orientador: Lincoln Gehring Cardoso / Coorientador: João Carlos da Costa Catalão Fernandes / Banca: Zacarias Xavier de Barros / Banca: Vilmar Antonio Rodrigues / Banca: Sérgio Pascola de Campos / Banca: Fernanda Leite Ribeiro / Doutor

The following thesis is a qualitative comparative case study which investigated the values, practices, perspectives, and strategies of Indian and American community organizers (practitioners and volunteers of non-profits and non-governmental organizations) who use microfinance, including savings schemes, as an instrument within the social intermediation process of developing disadvantaged women's capacities for self-sufficiency/empowerment. The focused inquiry was conducted through similarly structured in-depth interviews of directors, staff members and volunteers/community-based organizers of a women's business center in Northern Virginia, a large U.S. metropolitan area, and a women's federation in the rural Himalayas of Uttarakhand, India. Interview questions focused on savings, social intermediation, and financial sustainability/subsidization, which are three significant facets of microfinance. Katz's framework for constructing analytical topographies, contour lines, and countertopographies was used to structure of the various levels of analysis. Contour lines were drawn from the similarities between the two organizations. Differences were explained by situating each organization in Mayoux's theoretical paradigms of "Women's Empowerment through Microfinance." Analyses concluded with the construction of countertopographies on practices and strategies aimed towards collectively empowering women in disparate places around the world.

In scientific computing, it is very common to visualize the approximate solution obtained by a numerical PDE solver by drawing surface or contour plots of all or some components of the associated approximate solutions. These plots are used to investigate the behavior of the solution and to display important properties or characteristics of the approximate solutions. In this thesis, we consider techniques for drawing such contour plots for the solution of two and three dimensional PDEs. We first present three fast contouring algorithms in two dimensions over an underlying unstructured mesh. Unlike standard contouring algorithms, our algorithms do not require a fine structured approximation. We assume that the underlying PDE solver generates approximations at some scattered data points in the domain of interest. We then generate a piecewise cubic polynomial interpolant (PCI) which approximates the solution of a PDE at off-mesh points based on the DEI (Differential Equation Interpolant) approach. The DEI approach assumes that accurate approximations to the solution and first-order derivatives exist at a set of discrete mesh points. The extra information required to uniquely define the associated piecewise polynomial is determined based on almost satisfying the PDE at a set of collocation points. In the process of generating contour plots, the PCI is used whenever we need an accurate approximation at a point inside the domain. The direct extension of the both DEI-based interpolant and the contouring algorithm to three dimensions is also investigated. The use of the DEI-based interpolant we introduce for visualization can also be used to develop effective Adaptive Mesh Refinement (AMR) techniques and global error estimates. In particular, we introduce and investigate four AMR techniques along with a hybrid mesh refinement technique. Our interest is in investigating how well such a `generic' mesh selection strategy, based on properties of the problem alone, can perform compared with a special-purpose strategy that is designed for a specific PDE method. We also introduce an \`{a} posteriori global error estimator by introducing the solution of a companion PDE defined in terms of the associated PCI.

In scientific computing, it is very common to visualize the approximate solution obtained by a numerical PDE solver by drawing surface or contour plots of all or some components of the associated approximate solutions. These plots are used to investigate the behavior of the solution and to display important properties or characteristics of the approximate solutions. In this thesis, we consider techniques for drawing such contour plots for the solution of two and three dimensional PDEs. We first present three fast contouring algorithms in two dimensions over an underlying unstructured mesh. Unlike standard contouring algorithms, our algorithms do not require a fine structured approximation. We assume that the underlying PDE solver generates approximations at some scattered data points in the domain of interest. We then generate a piecewise cubic polynomial interpolant (PCI) which approximates the solution of a PDE at off-mesh points based on the DEI (Differential Equation Interpolant) approach. The DEI approach assumes that accurate approximations to the solution and first-order derivatives exist at a set of discrete mesh points. The extra information required to uniquely define the associated piecewise polynomial is determined based on almost satisfying the PDE at a set of collocation points. In the process of generating contour plots, the PCI is used whenever we need an accurate approximation at a point inside the domain. The direct extension of the both DEI-based interpolant and the contouring algorithm to three dimensions is also investigated. The use of the DEI-based interpolant we introduce for visualization can also be used to develop effective Adaptive Mesh Refinement (AMR) techniques and global error estimates. In particular, we introduce and investigate four AMR techniques along with a hybrid mesh refinement technique. Our interest is in investigating how well such a `generic' mesh selection strategy, based on properties of the problem alone, can perform compared with a special-purpose strategy that is designed for a specific PDE method. We also introduce an \`{a} posteriori global error estimator by introducing the solution of a companion PDE defined in terms of the associated PCI.

Production of cartographically correct countour lines from airborne laserscanning data in flat terrain Abstract The thesis is dedicated to the creation of contour lines from the data of airborne laserscanning in flat areas. For creation of contour lines in these parts is necessary specific generalization, that smooths unwanted artifacts, but does not delete the shapes, which are characteristic for the relief. The first part of the thesis is to serve as a short insight into the areas on which it is built, this thesis: the principle of airborne laserscanning and basic information on the contour line model. On the basis of technical literature are defined the requirements for the correct representation of the contour and cartographicly presented the different types of the DEM and generalization of contours. The main aim of this work is to design an algorithm that will combine several methods of generalization of contour while maintaining altitude accuracy as well as other requirements on their cartographicly the right terms, and to test this approach in several territories. In conclusion, the results of the methods of work and its implementation critically evaluated and outlined other possible developments of this issue. Keywords hypsography, airborne laserscanning, digital cartography, contour lines,...

The scarcity of data poses a challenging obstacle for the study of natural disasters, especially in developing countries where the social vulnerability plays as important a role as the physical vulnerability.  The work presented in this thesis is oriented towards the demonstration of the usefulness of press archives as a data source for the temporal and spatial analysis of landslides in Tegucigalpa, Honduras for the period between 1980 and 2005.  In the last four decades, Tegucigalpa has been characterized by a disorganized urban growth that has significantly contributed to the destabilization of the city’s slopes.  In the first part of the thesis, a description of the database compilation procedure is provided.  The limitations of using data derived from press archives have also been addressed to indicate how these affect the subsequent landslide analyses.  In the second part, the temporal richness offered by press archives has allowed the establishment of rainfall thresholds for landslide occurrence.  Through the use of the critical rainfall intensity method, the analysis of rainfall thresholds for 7, 15, 30 and 60 antecedent days shows that the number of yielded false alarms increases with the threshold duration.  A new method based on the rainfall frequency contour lines was proposed to improve the distinction between days with and without landslides.  This method also offers the possibility to identify the landslides that may only occur with a major contribution of anthropogenic disturbances as well as those landslides induced by high-magnitude rainfall events.  In the third part, the matrix method has been employed to construct two landslide susceptibility maps: one based on the multi-temporal press-based landslide inventory and a second one based on the landslide inventory derived from an aerial photograph interpretation carried out in 2014.  Despite the low spatial accuracy provided by the press archives in locating the landslides, both maps exhibit 69% of consistency in the susceptibility classes and a good agreement in the areas with the highest propensity to landslides.  Finally, the integration of these studies with major actions required to improve the process of landslide data collection is proposed to prepare Tegucigalpa for future landslides.

The master’s thesis deals with the design and realization of a program that is able to find the shortest route in the tourist map between selected points. The user can select the type of hiking trail. Application also generates terrain heightmap from contour lines and path elevation profile.

The aim of this thesis is to create map of cave Výpustek surrounding enviroment. It is going to be complementary map documentation to existing map documentation made by the other students of VUT Brno. These documentations will be joined together and create one relief covering terain above the cave. The work began with building our own traverse and measuring detailed points. The result is topographical and hypsographical determination of the locality expressed numerically and topographically too. Another task was to measure and represent some profiles of main halls and passages of the cave. Intention is to connect underground space with the surface. Surveying network of points built previously inside the cave was used for measurements.