A presente tese de doutorado procura mostrar que a coligação contratual, entendida como sendo a possibilidade de interferências recíprocas entre contratos, dá-se por força da conjunção do ordenamento jurídico com os fatos, não bastando a simples integração econômica entre negócios subjacentes para caracterizar a coligação do ponto de vista jurídico. A primeira das fontes da coligação contratual é a vontade das partes, através de cláusulas contratuais. As partes, por meio de acordos privados podem fazer com que efeitos decorrentes de um contrato produzam efeitos em outro. A segunda fonte é a lei. Muitas vezes o legislador quer que dois ou mais contratos se conectem de modo a que produzam alguns efeitos entre si. Nestes casos afasta-se a vontade das partes e prevalece a determinação do legislador. Por último, a coligação contratual pode ser uma aplicação do princípio da boa-fé. A confiança despertada, nas relações onde haja uma elevada integração econômica deve ser protegida. / This thesis aims to show that the contractualbinding, understood as the possibility of mutual interference between contracts, occurs by virtue of the conjunction of the law to the facts, not just by the simple economic integration between the underlying businesses, to characterize such binding from a legal point of view. The first source of contractual binding is the intention of the parties through contractual clauses. The parties, through private agreements may cause effects arising from a contract to interfere in another one. The second source is the law. Often the legislator or two or more contracts to connect so that together produce some effects. In these cases deviates from the will of the parties and supersedes the determination of the legislation. Finally, the contract binding can be an application of the principle of good faith. The confidence awakened in relationships where there is a high economic integration must be protected.

A presente tese de doutorado procura mostrar que a coligação contratual, entendida como sendo a possibilidade de interferências recíprocas entre contratos, dá-se por força da conjunção do ordenamento jurídico com os fatos, não bastando a simples integração econômica entre negócios subjacentes para caracterizar a coligação do ponto de vista jurídico. A primeira das fontes da coligação contratual é a vontade das partes, através de cláusulas contratuais. As partes, por meio de acordos privados podem fazer com que efeitos decorrentes de um contrato produzam efeitos em outro. A segunda fonte é a lei. Muitas vezes o legislador quer que dois ou mais contratos se conectem de modo a que produzam alguns efeitos entre si. Nestes casos afasta-se a vontade das partes e prevalece a determinação do legislador. Por último, a coligação contratual pode ser uma aplicação do princípio da boa-fé. A confiança despertada, nas relações onde haja uma elevada integração econômica deve ser protegida. / This thesis aims to show that the contractualbinding, understood as the possibility of mutual interference between contracts, occurs by virtue of the conjunction of the law to the facts, not just by the simple economic integration between the underlying businesses, to characterize such binding from a legal point of view. The first source of contractual binding is the intention of the parties through contractual clauses. The parties, through private agreements may cause effects arising from a contract to interfere in another one. The second source is the law. Often the legislator or two or more contracts to connect so that together produce some effects. In these cases deviates from the will of the parties and supersedes the determination of the legislation. Finally, the contract binding can be an application of the principle of good faith. The confidence awakened in relationships where there is a high economic integration must be protected.

Methods of Contracts Interpretation and the Problems of their Limits. This master thesis analyses methods of contract interpretation and problems of their limits: parol evidence rule, clauses claires et précises, merger clauses, formal requirements of the contract and contract transference. Nowadays, the principle of freedom of contract applies as a general rule in the majority of all legal systems, which is why methods of contract interpretation must comply with this principle. This leads us to the conclusion that the goal of interpretation is to determine the actual intentions of the parties. However, if it fails, the judge may resort to the objective standard – the reasonable man standard. This general rule is recognized in CISG, UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts, PECL as well as in the Lithuanian Civil Code. Notwithstanding this, the United Kingdom, the USA and Russia give priority to the objective method of contract interpretation. The first hypothesis of this master thesis is: the precision, particularity and the completeness of contracts are strongly influenced by the methods of contract interpretation and the rules of their application that are established in a particular legal system. We have drawn the conclusion that this hypothesis is affirmative, as if actual intentions of the parties have priority over the literal wording of the contract, the clauses of the contract can deviate from the intentions of the parties’ declarations and the... [to full text]

La seconde moitié du XXème siècle a été marquée par l'avènement de la sociétéde consommation et, corrélativement, par l'apparition d'un droit nouveau dont l'objectif est de protéger les consommateurs : le droit de la consommation. Il se définit par sa finalité comme l'ensemble des règles dont l'objet est de protéger les intérêts des consommateurs et s'applique essentiellement dans les contrats de consommation. Aucun régime général de la sanction de la violation des dispositions consuméristes n'a été organisé par le législateur. Les sanctions prévues sont majoritairement des sanctions pénales, les sanctions civiles sont alors celles du droit commun des contrats.A partir du droit positif, l'étude cherche à construire un régime spécial de la sanction, commun à tous les contrats de consommation. L'étude est orientée vers la recherche de sanctions efficaces, qui permettent de renforcer l'effectivité de la règle de droit et la protection des consommateurs. Elle distingue nécessairement l' analyse de l'efficacité de la fonction réparatrice de la sanction, qui est conditionnée par la prise en compte de la situation de la victime du comportement sanctionné, et l'analyse de l'efficacité de la fonction dissuasive de la sanction qui est conditionnée par la prise en compte de la situation de l'auteur du comportement sanctionné. / The second half of the 20th century has been marked by the emergence ofconsumer society and correspondingly by the evolution of a new area of law: consumer law. This field of law can be defined as a body of rules aiming at protecting the interests of consumers and which is essentially applied in the context of consumer contracts. The legislator has not established a general system of sanctions for the violation of consumer law provisions. The sanctions are mostly criminal in nature, while the civil sanctions are those provided for by general contract law.On the basis of the existing rules this thesis aims to establish a specific system ofsanctions common to all consumer contracts. The thesis is governed by the search for adequate sanctions which would increase the effectiveness of the legal rules as well as the effectiveness of the protection of consumers. The effectiveness of the reparative function of the sanctions is analysed separately from the effectiveness of their deterrent function. This distinction is necessary, since the reparative function of sanctions is determined by the situation of the victim of the violation of the rules, whereas the deterrent function of sanctions takes into account the situation of the person responsible for the violation.