Use the contrast-enhanced ultrasound in the monitoring of the effect of liver tumors treatment by radiofrequency ablation. Summary High quality imaging is crucial for the treatment of liver tumors by the percutaneous radiofrequency ablation. Imaging methods are used for planning, navigation of the intervention and monitoring after treatment. An early detection of residual tumor tissue or recurrence affect significantly the quality of life and life expectancy of the patients. Contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) seems to be a suitable method for monitoring the locoregional treatment mainly because zero radiation impact on patient and allows the highly accurate real-time assessment of vascularization. The aim of my work was to verify the ability of CEUS to detect residual tumor tissue or tumor recurrence in the field of changes after radiofrequency ablation. We evaluated the group of 73 patients, who were treated by radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for liver cancer. CEUS reached in our group the overal sensitivity 77.27 %, and in the group of colorectal cancer metastases 83.33 %. We compared CEUS with results of computed tomography (CT), which is the most commonly used method for monitoring the treatment. CEUS and CT results are similar. Based on this study, the CEUS appears to be a suitable method for monitoring...

Ultrasound contrast agents (UCA) have tremendous potential for in vivo molecular imaging because of their high sensitivity and great spatial resolution of ultrasound imaging. However, the diagnostic potential of UCAs has been difficult to exploit because current contrast agents are based on pre-formed microbubbles, which can only detect cell surface receptors. In this work, we demonstrated that chemical reactions that generate gas forming molecules can be used to perform molecular imaging by ultrasound in vivo. This new approach for generating ultrasound contrast agents was demonstrated by imaging reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vivo with allylhydrazine, a compound that is converted into nitrogen and propylene gas after reacting with radical oxidants. We demonstrated that allylhydrazine encapsulated within liposomes (termed APLs) can detect a 10 uM concentration of radical oxidants by ultrasound, and can image oxidative stress in mice, induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), using a clinical ultrasound machine. We showed that a 1-2% increase in gas concentration above saturation can be detected acoustically and suggest that numerous biological targets can be imaged via appropriately designed gas forming reactions. This work was the first demonstration of in vivo imaging of ROS using ultrasound, and this work presented a new strategy to generate gas bubbles from reactions involving radical oxidants. We anticipate numerous applications of chemically generated microbubbles, given the excellent spatial resolution of ultrasound imaging, its widespread clinical use and its high sensitivity to detect gas bubbles.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 229-230). Also available in print.

Gegenstand und Ziel: Einsatz des Ultraschallkontrastmittels SonoVue® zur Ermittlung der Hepatischen Transitzeit bei lebergesunden Hunden. Material und Methoden: Untersucht wurden 45 lebergesunde Hunde aus dem Patientengut der Klinik für Kleintiere der Universität Leipzig. Ausschlusskriterien waren Leber- und Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen, sowie Tumorleiden. Die Kontrastmitteluntersuchungen erfolgten am narkotisierten Tier. Das Kontrastmittel wurde intravenös appliziert. Die Zeitdifferenz zwischen Ankunft in den Leberarterien bis zum Erreichen der Lebervenen wird als Hepatische Transitzeit definiert. Die Auswertung erfolgte von zwei unabhängigen Betracht-ern, sowie einer im Ultraschallgerät installierten Analysesoftware (TIC; Time-intensity-curve). Erfasst wurden zusätzlich von jedem Patienten die Blutflussgeschwindigkeiten in der Aorta abdominalis und den Lebervenen vor und nach der Kontrastmitteluntersuchung. Ebenfalls sind die Ankunftszeiten des Kontrastmittels in den Leberarterien und Lebervenen ermittelt worden. Diese Daten wurden mit den Angaben des Alters, dem Geschlecht und dem Gewicht verglichen. Die ermittelten Ankunftszeiten des Kontrastmittels wurden mit den Blutflussgeschwindigkeiten des jeweiligen Patienten korreliert. Ergebnisse: Die Hepatische Transitzeit des Kontrastmittels SonoVue® für lebergesunde Hunde beträgt 9,82 s. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Hepatische Transitzeit des Signalverstärkers SonoVue® beim lebergesunden Hund liegt bei 9,82 s und ist damit ca. eine Sekunde kürzer als beim Men-schen. In anschließenden Studien muss bei Hunden mit nachgewiesenen Lebermetastasen die Hepatische Transitzeit ermittelt werden. Entsprechen die Ergebnisse denen aus der Human-medizin, so ist mit einer Verkürzung der Hepatischen Transitzeit zu rechnen. Insbesondere bei bekanten Primärtumor könnte mit dieser Methode eine Metastasierung früher erkannt werden.

In this dissertation, we develop multiscale finite element methods and uncertainty quantification technique for Richards' equation, a mathematical model to describe fluid flow in unsaturated porous media. Both coarse-level and fine-level numerical computation techniques are presented. To develop an accurate coarse-scale numerical method, we need to construct an effective multiscale map that is able to capture the multiscale features of the large-scale solution without resolving the small scale details. With a careful choice of the coarse spaces for multiscale finite element methods, we can significantly reduce errors. We introduce several methods to construct coarse spaces for multiscale finite element methods. A coarse space based on local spectral problems is also presented. The construction of coarse spaces begins with an initial choice of multiscale basis functions supported in coarse regions. These basis functions are complemented using weighted local spectral eigenfunctions. These newly constructed basis functions can capture the small scale features of the solution within a coarse-grid block and give us an accurate coarse-scale solution. However, it is expensive to compute the local basis functions for each parameter value for a nonlinear equation. To overcome this difficulty, local reduced basis method is discussed, which provides smaller dimension spaces with which to compute the basis functions. Robust solution techniques for Richards' equation at a fine scale are discussed. We construct iterative solvers for Richards' equation, whose number of iterations is independent of the contrast. We employ two-level domain decomposition pre-conditioners to solve linear systems arising in approximation of problems with high contrast. We show that, by using the local spectral coarse space for the preconditioners, the number of iterations for these solvers is independent of the physical properties of the media. Several numerical experiments are given to support the theoretical results. Last, we present numerical methods for uncertainty quantification applications for Richards' equation. Numerical methods combined with stochastic solution techniques are proposed to sample conductivities of porous media given in integrated data. Our proposed algorithm is based on upscaling techniques and the Markov chain Monte Carlo method. Sampling results are presented to prove the efficiency and accuracy of our algorithm.

Thesis (Ph.D.) -- McMaster University, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 175-181). Also available via World Wide Web.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2002. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2004. / Härtill 6 uppsatser.

Thesis (M.S)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2007. / Description based on contents viewed June 12, 2008; title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references (p. 30-32).

Licentiatavhandling (sammanfattning) Linköping : Linköpings universitet, 2009. / Härtill 2 uppsatser.