Cette thèse examine les alternances transitives en arabe et en anglais d'un point de vue sémantique. La différence entre l'anglais et l'arabe en ce qui concerne les alternances transitives manifeste la pauvreté de la morphologie anglaise par rapport à la richesse de l'arabe dans ce domaine d'usage. En fait, la même forme du verbe est utilisée en anglais à la fois comme transitive et intransitive. L'existence de plusieurs formes morphologiques du verbe arabe est due à la possibilité d'exprimer la causalité même avec des verbes inergatifs. Le cadre théorique utilisé dans la thèse est inspiré de la grammaire cognitive et de la psychomécanique du langage. Les deux approches soutiennent que le sens est dans l'esprit plutôt que dans le monde référentiel ou dans des constructions théoriques de modèle encadrées en termes d'ensembles de référents ou d'ensembles de mondes possibles dans lesquels une phrase serait considérée comme vraie. La psychomécanique fait en outre une distinction cruciale entre les deux états dans lesquels le sens existe dans l'esprit: sous la forme sous laquelle il existe avant d'être utilisé, il s'agit d'un potentiel décontextualisé en position de cause possible de la gamme variée de messages qu'il peut être observé pour exprimer dans ses divers usages dans le discours; dans l'état dans lequel il existe lorsqu'il est utilisé, il s'agit d'un réel contextualisé en position d'effet, déployé avec un contenu contextuel et situationnel pour véhiculer un message particulier parmi tous les messages qu'il est capable de contribuer à exprimer. Cette étude est également fermement basée sur le principe sémiologique proposé par Duffley (2014), à savoir que « le langage humain n'est pas principalement fondé sur la forme, mais sur les appariements forme-sens ». La plupart des recherches précédentes sur la causalité ont été exclusivement syntaxiques, la sémantique n'étant impliquée que dans la classification des lexèmes verbaux en groupes partageant des éléments sémantiques de signification basés sur un comportement syntaxique similaire. Notre étude propose un sens potentiel capable d'expliquer l'ensemble de leurs usages pour l'ensemble des six dispositifs identifiés dans la littérature comme causativants ou dé-causativants en arabe, à savoir ablaut, gémination, préfixation par a-, ta + gémination, préfixation avec ta- + allongement de la voyelle du milieu, et préfixation avec n-. L'étude des trois premières formes a montré que la causalité n'est pas la signification potentielle de ces formes, mais plutôt un seul type de message parmi de nombreuses autres significations réelles véhiculées lorsqu'elles sont utilisées en contexte. Notre analyse a également conclu que les trois dernières formes de la liste ne sont pas non plus intrinsèquement décausativantes, mais que les significations potentielles de ces formes impliquent la réflexion et la réciprocité, des notions qui s'opposent à la nature de la causalité qui est orientée vers l'extérieur, car l'action comme restant interne à l'auteur de l'action ou comme retournant réciproquement à celui-ci. / This thesis examines the transitive alternations in Arabic and English from a semantic point of view. The difference between English and Arabic with regard to transitive alternations manifests the poverty of English morphology compared to the richness of Arabic in this area of usage. In fact, the same form of the verb is used in English as both transitive and intransitive. The existence of several morphological forms of the Arabic verb is due to the possibility of expressing causation even with unergative stems. The theoretical framework employed in the thesis is inspired by Cognitive Grammar and the Psychomechanics of Language. Both approaches hold that meaning is in the mind rather than in the referential world or in model-theoretical constructs framed in terms of sets of referents or sets of possible worlds in which a sentence would be considered true. Psychomechanics further makes a crucial distinction between the two states in which meaning exists in the mind: in the form in which it exists before being used, it is a decontextualized potential in the position of possible cause of the variegated range of messages it can be observed to express in its various uses in discourse; in the state in which it exists when used, it is a contextualized actual in the position of effect, being deployed along with contextual and situational content to convey a particular message from among all the messages it is capable of contributing to express. This study is also firmly based on the semiological principle proposed by Duffley (2014), namely that "human language is not primarily about form, but about form-meaning pairings". Most of the previous research on causation has been exclusively syntactic, with semantics being involved only in the classification of verbal lexemes into groups that share semantic elements of meaning based on similar syntactic behavior. Our study proposes a potential meaning capable of explaining all of their uses for all of the six devices identified in the literature as causativizing or de-causativizing in Arabic, namely ablaut, gemination, prefixation by a-, ta + gemination, prefixation with ta- + lengthening of the middle vowel, and prefixation with n-. The study of the first three devices showed that causativization is not the potential meaning of these forms, but rather only one type of message among many other actual meanings conveyed when they are used in context. Our analysis also concluded that the last three forms in the list are not inherently de-causativizing either, but that the potential meanings of these forms involve reflexivization and reciprocity, notions which are opposed to the externally-oriented nature of causation, as they construe the action as remaining internal to the causer or as returning reciprocally upon the latter.

Thesis (MA) -- Stellenbosch University, 1976. / No Abstract Available

<p>Sinestezijska metafora smatra se posebnom vrstom metafore kod koje je izvorni domen utisak primljen preko jednog čula, dok je ciljni domen utisak primljen preko drugog čula, npr. o&scaron;tar ukus, sladak miris, tople boje i sl. Rezultati dosada&scaron;njih istraživanja ukazuju na izvesne op&scaron;te tendencije vezane za smer metaforičkog preslikavanja kod sinestezijskih metafora: hijerarhijski &bdquo;niža&ldquo; čula, kao &scaron;to su dodir i ukus, preslikavaju se na &bdquo;vi&scaron;a&ldquo; čula, kao &scaron;to su zvuk i vid, odnosno, konkretniji i dostupniji čulni modaliteti preslikavaju se na apstraktnije. Primećeno je da ove tendencije postoje u različitim jezicima i različitim diskursima i da su primenjive kako kod dijahronih tako i kod sinhronih istraživanja. S druge strane, utvrđene su i izvesne razlike između različitih jezika koje se mogu pripisati pre svega kulturolo&scaron;kim uticajima. S obzirom na to da su u sinestezijskim metaforama oba domena čulna, posebna pažnja se posvećuje i specifičnoj perceptivnoj ali i kognitivnoj osnovi ovih metafora.<br />Cilj istraživanja u ovoj disertaciji je da se kroz kontrastivnu analizu izuče sinestezijsko-metaforički prenosi značenja u engleskom i srpskom jeziku i ukaže na univerzalne tendencije kao i međujezičke varijacije, dok se posebna pažnja posvećuje upravo perceptivnim, kognitivnim i kulturolo&scaron;kim aspektima ove pojave.<br />Istraživačka građa sačinjena je od sinestezijskih prideva, odnosno prideva koji imaju dva ili vi&scaron;e značenja u različitim čulnim domenima. Istraživanje je rađeno na osnovu rečničke analize, dok su konsultovani i elektronski korpusi. Za svaki čulni domen (a ukoliko je moguće i za poddomene nekih čula) ustanovljene su tendencije u smerovima metaforičkog preslikavanja. Rezultati su obrađeni deskriptivnom i kontrastivnom metodom i obrazloženi uz pomoć saznanja iz oblasti kognitivne lingvistike ali i drugih naučnih oblasti.</p> / <p>Synaesthetic metaphors are considered to be a special type of metaphor in which one sensory modality is described in terms of another, e.g. sharp taste, sweet smell, warm colours etc. Research conducted in different languages indicates that there are certain tendencies concerning the directionality of metaphoric mapping: that hierarchically &ldquo;lower&rdquo; senses, such as touch and taste tend to map onto &ldquo;higher&rdquo; modalities, such as sound and sight; alternatively, we can say that more concrete and more accessible modalities tend to map onto more abstract ones. The determined tendencies proved to be applicable even to linguistically unrelated languages, different registers and to both diachronic and synchronic studies. On the other hand, there are certain differences among different languages, which can be attributed to cultural influences. Also, since both domains in synaesthetic metaphors are sensory modalities, a special emphasis in studies is placed on the particular perceptive as well as cognitive bases of this phenomenon.<br />The research in this thesis is a contrastive analysis of synaesthetic transfers of meaning in English and Serbian. The aim of the research is to point to universal tendencies of synaesthetic metaphors and cross-linguistic variations between the two languages, while special emphasis is placed on the particular perceptive and cognitive bases of this phenomenon, as well as the influences of culture on the formation of these expressions.<br />The language material is composed of synaesthetic adjectives, i.e. adjectives that have two or more meanings in different sensory domains. The research is based on the analyses of dictionary entries of English and Serbian sensory adjectives, while additional examples are collected form electronic corpora. The directionality of mapping is determined for each sensory domain (and, if possible, for sensory subdomains). The research results are analysed using descriptive and contrastive methods and explained using findings from the field of cognitive linguistics as well as other relevant scientific fields.</p>

This thesis presents a description and analysis of non-canonical case-marking of core arguments in Lithuanian. It consists of an introduction and six articles, providing historical and/or contrastive perspective to this issue. More specifically, using data from Lithuanian dialects, Old Lithuanian and other languages such as Icelandic, Latin and Finnic for comparison, the thesis examines the development and current state of non-canonical case-marking of core arguments in Lithuanian The present work draws on empirical findings and theoretical considerations to investigate non-canonical case-marking, language variation and historical linguistics. Special attention is paid to the variation in the case-marking of body parts in pain verb constructions, where an accusative-marked body part is used in Standard Lithuanian, and alongside, a nominative-marked body part in Lithuanian dialects. A common objective of the first three articles is to clarify and to seek a better understanding for the reasons for this case variation. The research provides evidence that nominative is the original case-marking of body parts in pain specific construction, i.e. with verbs, with the original meaning of pain, like skaudėti and sopėti ‘hurt, feel pain’. On the contrary, in derived pain constructions, i.e. with verbs like gelti with the original meaning of ‘sting, bite’ and diegti with the original meaning ‘plant’, accusative is the original case-marking of body parts. This accusative is explained by means of an oblique anticausative and it is argued furthermore that it is extended into the pain specific construction. The three last articles focus on the comparative and contrastive perspective. Their main results include the following: Lithuanian and Icelandic differ considerably in the frequency of using accusative vs. dative marking on the highest ranked argument. Accusative is more frequently used in Lithuanian while dative is dominant in Icelandic. The semantic fields of the dative subject construction have remained very stable, suggesting that the dative subject construction is inherited. It has, however, become productive in the history of Germanic, Baltic and Slavic. The similarities in Finnic and Baltic partiality-based object and subject-marking systems are due to Baltic influence. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: In press. Paper 2: In press. Paper 3: In press.</p>

This master thesis deals with a comparison of the most common German and Czech valency lexicons, focusing on the dictionaries E-VALBU and VALLEX in particular. It employs two different methods: a confrontation of selected verbal translation pairs using corpus analysis and taking the introspective valency tests of the individual dictionaries into account, as well as qualitative research among the linguists - the authors and users of valency dictionaries. The thesis proves the usability of corpus analysis for this kind of research and shows that most differences in dictionary entries are not caused by a different behavior of the respective verbs in both languages, but rather by divergent theoretical bases of the dictionaries. The interviews with selected linguists confirm the theoretical discrepancies, but also show many similar opinions and experiences, in particular those regarding practical work with the dictionaries: a stress on the user-friendliness of the dictionaries and the use of real language data from the corpora.

The purpose of this thesis is to describe the reception of Hašek's Švejk in Spain in the 20th century. The theoretical part deals with the phenomenon of indirect translations (it distinguishes between the second-hand translation and the authorial compilative translation), the problematic of metatexts and the reader's reception. The empirical part describes the "adventure" of Hašek's Švejk in the Czech and German milieu and focuses on the reception of the translations by A. Janés (1980) and M. Zgustová (2008) in Spain. Then, an analysis of censorship reports dedicated to Švejk and critical reviews of Spanish translations of this book and a short commentary of interviews with the two translators and editors follow. As a methodological instrument for the micro-textual contrastive analysis of selected passages of Hašek's novel was used the Popovič's (1975, 1983) typology of stylistic shifts and changes in the translation. Key words: Švejk, Spain, indirect translations, mediating text, reception, censorship, reviews, micro-textual contrastive analysis, Zgustová, Janés

This study examines the use of discourse-organising nouns (DONs), such as fact, issue, and problem, in Swedish advanced students’ academic writing in second language (L2) English, and in what ways texts produced by the L2 students resemble or differ from those produced by advanced native-speaker (L1) students and from expert writing in this respect. The study uses corpus linguistic methodology and is set within the frameworks of Halliday’s systemic-functional linguistics and Granger’s Contrastive Interlanguage Analysis. Results show both similarities and differences across the writer groups. Noteworthy similarities include overall frequencies of DONs and their modifiers. Differences include variety of usage and register appropriacy. These differences were often the largest between the L2 student writing and the expert writing, though findings suggest that both student groups can usefully be thought of as learners of academic writing in English in this respect. Specifically, the students’ usage was found to be less varied than the expert writing, and to be characterised by more frequent use of semantically vague nouns (e.g., thing and fact) and nouns marking attitude and involvement (e.g., opinion and question). Other central findings include the tendency, on the part of the students, to use DONs less frequently in syntactic structures prototypical of formal academic prose, and to use them more frequently in structures with the potential to express stance, compared to the expert writing. The study also found more frequent use of evaluative modifiers of DONs in the student writing. In sum, the L2 student writing and, to a lesser extent, the L1 student writing, was found to approximate the corpus of expert writing in many respects, but with less variety, fewer markers of formality, and more frequent occurrences of interpersonal features in their use of DONs. The result is discourse that can in part be characterised as vague and subjective, as well as involved and informal. / This study examines the use of discourse-organising nouns (DONs), such as fact, issue, and problem, in Swedish advanced students’ academic writing in second language (L2) English, and in what ways texts produced by the L2 students resemble or differ from those produced by advanced native-speaker students and from expert writing in this respect. Results show both similarities and differences across the writer groups. Noteworthy similarities include overall frequencies of DONs and their modifiers. Differences include variety of usage and register appropriacy. In short, the L2 student writing and, to a lesser extent, the L1 student writing, was found to approximate the corpus of expert writing in many respects, but with less variety, fewer markers of formality, and more frequent occurrences of interpersonal features in their use of DONs. The result is discourse that can in part be characterised as vague and subjective, as well as involved and informal. These differences were often the largest between the L2 student writing and the expert writing, though findings suggest that both student groups can usefully be thought of as learners of academic writing in English in this respect.

This thesis is focused on the study of concessives clauses in the Czech and Spanish languages. The thesis is divided into a theoretical and a practical part. The theoretical part describes the concessives expressions and semantics of both languages using secondary literature. The practical part uses the parallel corpus to examine what lexical equivalents correspond to individual Czech concessives expressions, and shows their individual semantic or positional differences in detail.

Orientador: Rafael Eugenio Hoyos-Andrade / Banca: Maria de Lourdes Otero Brabo Cruz / Banca: Eliane Roncolatto / Banca: Isabel Gretel Maria Eres Fernández / Banca: John Robert Schmitz / Resumo: O desejo de estudar as correspondências dos usos da partícula que em espanhol e português foi o ponto de partida desta tese. Dado o fato de ser a referida partícula altamente empregada nas duas línguas, optamos pela pesquisa em um corpus de língua falada, por caracterizar-se esta modalidade como um reflexo mais autêntico do funcionamento da língua e, especificamente, dos usos do que. Dentro dessa modalidade de língua falada, trabalhamos com entrevistas pertencentes ao Projeto de Estudo da Norma Lingüística Culta das cidades de Bogotá (para o espanhol) e de São Paulo (para o português ). Delimitado o corpus de estudo (onze entrevistas completas do NURC colombiano), coletamos os enunciados em espanhol em que a partícula que está inserida, bem como alguns dos seus afins, preservando os contextos necessários para uma análise sintática adequada. Esses contextos sintáticos espanhóis nos quais aparece a partícula que é que nortearam a divisão dos capítulos deste trabalho. Nossa pesquisa consta de cinco capítulos. O primeiro, numa tentativa de retomar às origens para entender os auais empregos do que, trata diacronicamente do tema. O que pronome relativo, os outros pronomes relativos, os advérbios relativos, bem como os seus correspondentes portugueses e a freqüência de uso nas duas línguas é o assunto do segundo capítulo. Partindo do que interrogativo, o terceiro capítulo versa sobre os pronomes interrogativos em geral e suas correspondências em português. No quarto capítulo, abordamos o estudo do que conjuntivo, do porque e das locuções conjuntivas, bem como das equivalências portuguesas. O quinto e último capítulo trata de dois outros contextos sintáticos em que a partícula que aparece em nosso corpus de trabalho tanto em espanhol como em português: as perífrases verbais de obrigação e expletivos. / Abstract: The starting point of this dissertation was our interest in studying the formal as well as the semantic correspondences between the usages of the particle QUE, both in Spanish and in Portuguese. Due to the high degree of occurrences of this particle in both languages, we chose to center our research in a corpus of spoken language. In fact the oral language reflects with more authenticity the way languages function and, in particular, the uses of THE. Therefore we analyzed samples of speech taken from interviews that were registered and transcribed by researchers belonging to the NURC (Project for the Study of the Cultivated Linguistic Norm) in Bogotá (Colombia), for Spanish language, and in São Paulo (Brazil), for the Portuguese. Once the corpus established, we gathered and classified the utterances of eleven interviews in Colombian Spanish, in which the particle QUE and other related forms appear. Necessary contextual elements were preserved to make possible an accurate syntactic analysis. The syntactic contexts of QUE detected in the Spanish corpus guided the division in five chapters of our work. The first one is a diachronic approach which constitutes an effort to reach the ancient and original usages of QUE in order to a better understanding of its present behavior. The relative pronoun QUE, other relative pronouns, relative adverbs, as well as their Portuguese counterparts and their frequency of use in both languages are the subject of our second chapter. Beginning with the interrogative QUE, the third chapter deals with the Spanish interrogative pronouns in general and their corresponding forms in Portuguese...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below) / Doutor

Submitted by Nara Lays Domingues Viana Oliveira (naradv) on 2015-08-13T14:24:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 AndersonBertoldiLinguistica.pdf: 1093382 bytes, checksum: 67276822830f904d7688524dbfd24b12 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-13T14:24:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AndersonBertoldiLinguistica.pdf: 1093382 bytes, checksum: 67276822830f904d7688524dbfd24b12 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-01-05 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A presente tese teve como objetivo avaliar os desafios a serem enfrentados no desenvolvimento de recursos lexicais multilíngües segundo o paradigma FrameNet. Abordouse aqui a Semântica de Frames com uma teoria da lingüística cognitiva e a forma como a FrameNet trata o conceito de frame semântico em sua base de dados. Para tratar dos desafios no uso de frames semânticos para a descrição de informação jurídica em diferentes línguas, optou-se por investigar o frame Criminal_process. Em um primeiro momento, identificaram-se, com o auxílio de um dicionário jurídico bilíngüe, os equivalentes em português das unidades lexicais do inglês relacionadas ao processo penal. Em um segundo momento, essas unidades lexicais foram contrastadas para verificar se o conhecimento jurídico evocado pela unidade lexical em inglês era o mesmo conhecimento jurídico evocado pelo seu equivalente em português. A abordagem contrastiva permitiu a criação de frames jurídicos descrevendo o processo penal brasileiro. Constatou-se que os frames semânticos apresentam diferentes níveis de equivalência. Este trabalho procurou explicar as divergências de frames semânticos por meio da diferenciação entre frames inatos e frames aprendidos. Uma vez que constatada a falta de equivalência perfeita de frames entre as línguas, é necessário se repensar o uso dos frames semânticos como interlíngua em recursos lexicais multilíngües, especialmente se esses recursos representarem conhecimento jurídico. Este trabalho apontou como uma possível solução para a falta de equivalência entre frames o uso de um recurso ainda pouco abordado pela FrameNet: os tipos semânticos. Os tipos semânticos poderiam ser utilizados em uma base de dados jurídica multilíngüe para marcar o papel social exercido por cada participante dos eventos jurídicos. / This Ph.D. dissertation discusses the challenges to be faced in developing multilingual lexical resources according to the FrameNet paradigm. This work was based on Frame Semantics. The starting point was the Criminal_process frame. First, the equivalents in Portuguese for the lexical units were identified using a bilingual legal dictionary. Second, the lexical units were contrasted in order to verify the legal knowledge evoked by lexical units in English was the same legal knowledge evoked by their equivalents in Portuguese. Based on the contrastive study, legal frames representing the Brazilian legal system were created. This work could verify that semantic frames present different levels of equivalence. The differences in frame equivalence were analyzed according to the difference between innate and learned frames. Considering that the semantic frames do not present a perfect equivalence among languages, it is necessary to rethink the use of semantic frames as interlingual index to connect multilingual resources, especially legal lexical resources. This dissertation considers the possibility of using semantic types as a possible solution in a future.