Radical changes to present day power systems will lead to power systems with a significant penetration of renewable energy sources and smartness, expressed in an extensive utilization of novel sensors and cyber secure Information and Communication Technology. Although these renewable energy sources prove to contribute to the reduction of CO2 emissions into the environment, its high penetration affects power system dynamic performance as a result of reduced power system inertia as well as less flexibility with regards to dispatching generation to balance future demand. These pose a threat both to the security and stability of future power systems. It is therefore very important to develop new methods through which power system security and stability can be maintained. This research investigated the development of methods through which the contributions of on-load tap changing transformers/transformer clusters could be assessed with the intent of developing real time adaptive voltage controlled demand response schemes for power systems. The development of such a scheme enables more active system components to be involved in the provision of frequency control as an ancillary service and deploys a new frequency control service with low infrastructural investment, bearing in mind that OLTC transformers are already very prevalent in power systems. In this thesis, a novel online adaptive supervisory controller for ensuring optimal dispatch of voltage-controlled demand response resources is developed. This novel controller is designed using the assessment results of OLTC transformer impacts on steady-state frequency and was tested for a variety of scenarios. To achieve the effective performance of the adaptive supervisory controller, the extensive use of statistical techniques for assessing OLTC transformer contributions to voltage controlled demand response is presented. This thesis also includes the use of unsupervised machine learning techniques for power system partitioning and the further use of statistical methods for assessing the contributions of OLTC transformer aggregates.

The increased penetration of residential-scale photovoltaic (PV) systems in European-style low voltage (LV) networks (i.e., long feeders with high number of connected customers) is leading to technical issues such as voltage rise and thermal overload of the most expensive network assets (i.e., transformer, cables). As these issues significantly limit the ability of LV networks to accommodate higher PV penetrations, Distribution Network Operators (DNOs) are required to proceed with expensive and time-consuming investments in order to reinforce or replace these assets. In contrast to this traditional approach of network reinforcement, which potentially leads to massive capital expenditure, the transition towards active LV networks where controllable elements, existing (i.e., PV systems) and likely to be adopted (i.e., battery energy storage systems, LV on-load tap changer transformers), can be managed in real-time, poses an attractive alternative. Although several active network management schemes have been recently proposed to increase the hosting capacity of PV-rich LV networks, they are mostly based on managing voltage issues only; and, in general, aim to solve technical issues separately. Integrated solutions aiming at managing simultaneously voltage and thermal issues are required, as recent studies demonstrate that both issues can coexist in PV-rich LV networks. More importantly the majority of studies, which commonly neglect the characteristics of real LV networks (e.g., unbalanced, three-phase, radial, multiple feeders with several branches, different types of customers), use complex optimisation techniques that require expensive communication infrastructure and extensive or full network observability (currently not available in LV networks). However, considering the extensiveness of LV networks around the world, practical, cost-effective and scalable solutions that use limited and already available information are more likely to be adopted by the industry. Considering the above gaps in the literature, this Thesis contributes by proposing innovative and scalable active network management schemes that use limited network monitoring and communication infrastructure to actively manage (1) Residential-scale PV systems, (2) Residential-scale Battery Energy Storage (BES) systems and (3) LV on-load tap changer (OLTC)-fitted transformers. The adoption of the proposed active network management schemes, which makes use of already available devices, information and requires limited monitoring (i.e., secondary distribution substation), allows making the transition towards active LV networks more practical and cost-effective. In addition, to tackle the challenges related to this research (i.e., lack of realistic LV network modelling with high resolution time-series analyses), this Thesis, being part of the industrial project 'Active Management of LV Networks' (funded by EDF R&D) and having access to French data, contributes by considering a fully modelled typical real residential French LV network (three-phase four-wire) with different characteristics and number of customers. Moreover, realistic (1-min resolution) daily time-series household (from real smart meter data) and PV generation profiles are considered while a stochastic approach (i.e., Monte Carlo) is adopted to cater for the uncertainties related to household demand as well as PV generation and location.

This thesis deals with the creation of models of non-volatile sources connected to the power system using power converters and their connection by filter or a transformer. Furthermore, the thesis will deal with the study of the problem of connecting a large number of these sources. Another area of interest is to determine the conditions under which these sources can be used to restore network voltage after a previous outage. In the PSCAD program we will create inverter models (6 pulse, 12 pulse and one phase). In the next step, a network model will be created, where the individual sources will be connected and, in the end, we will simulate the situations. The output of the thesis is to determine the behavior of the largest number of static sources in the system and thus to contribute to the knowledge about the possibilities of safe and stable operation of non-volatile energy sources in the power system.

In diesem Beitrag wird gezeigt, welche Auswirkung die Rotorform einer Reluktanzmaschine und die Ansteuerung mittels Umrichter auf den Verlusthaushalt der Maschine hat. Darüber hinaus werden die Möglichkeiten zur Verluststeuerung, welche sich durch den Betrieb von Reluktanzmaschinen ergeben, vorgestellt. / This paper shows the effect of the rotor shape of a reluctance machine and the converter control on the losses of the machine. In addition, it will be shown which possibilities for loss control will result from the operation of reluctance machines.

In this thesis, design and implementation of a distribution-type, voltage source converter (VSC) based static synchronous compensator (D-STATCOM) having the simplest converter and coupling transformer topologies have been carried out. The VSC STATCOM is composed of a +/- 750 kVAr full-bridge VSC employing selective harmonic elimination technique, a low-pass input filter, and a &amp / #8710 / /Y connected coupling transformer for connection to medium voltage bus. The power stage of VSC based STATCOM is composed of water-cooled high voltage IGBT modules switched at 850 Hz for the elimination of 5th, 7th, 11th, 13th, 17th, 19th, 23rd,and 25th voltage harmonics. Special care has been taken in the laminated busbar design to minimize stray inductances between power semiconductors and dc link capacitor. Reactive power control is achieved by applying the phase angle control technique. The effect of input filter on total demand distortion has been investigated theoretically by mathematical derivations. The proposed VSC STATCOM has been implemented for reactive power compensation of Coal Preparation System in Kemerk&ouml / y Thermal Power Plant. The field test results have shown the success of the implemented system in view of fast response in reactive power compensation, and minimum input current harmonic content, and compliance with the IEEE Std. 519-1992 even for the weakest power systems. The application of selective harmonic elimination technique and phase angle control to VSC STATCOM has led to optimum switching frequency and device utilization for high voltage IGBTs at the expense of slower response as compared to other PWM techniques.

Submitted by Morgana Silva (morgana_linhares@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-07-27T16:18:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1682868 bytes, checksum: e6813f2f2930d8867270563d26fb878c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T16:18:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1682868 bytes, checksum: e6813f2f2930d8867270563d26fb878c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This work proposes a repetitive-based control for series compensator with the objective of dynamically restore the voltage applied to sensitive and critical loads of power system. The control mitigates voltage sags while also minimize harmonic distortions. Its transfer function is simple to be realized and does not require any harmonic selective filters. The control system acts on sinusoid references and it is implemented in each phase independently. Another important aspect of the proposed system are the optimization strategies to minimize either the voltage injection or the active power injection. One of these strategies is to optimize the magnitude of the compensation voltage sag with the smallest voltage magnitude injection by the series compensator. For this purpose, the compensating voltage injected must be in phase with the voltage supply. Is possible to control the injection of the voltage compensation to minimize active power injection by the series compensator to compensate a voltage sag. To perform the voltage correction with minimum active power injection were developed analytical expressions for the magnitude and angle of the injected voltage. To implement theses strategies, an recursive least-squares algorithm is used to estimate the grid voltage. A laboratory-scale series compensator was developed to validate the method. Simulations and experimental results are presented and show the efficacy of the proposed method. / Este trabalho propõe um controle repetitivo para compensadores série com o objetivo de restaurar dinamicamente a tensão aplicada a cargas sensíveis e críticas de sistemas de energia. O controle pode mitigar afundamentos de tensão ao mesmo tempo que compensa distorções harmônicas. Sua função de transferência é simples de ser implementada e não requer qualquer filtro seletivo de harmônicos. O sistema de controle atua sobre as referências senoidais e deve ser implementado em cada fase independentemente. Um outro aspecto importante do trabalho são as estratégias de otimização para minimizar a tensão de compensação ou a potência ativa fornecida pelo compensador. Um destas estratégias é a otimização pela amplitude, em que a compensação do afundamento de tensão ocorre com a menor injeção de amplitude de tensão por parte do compensador série. Para isso, a tensão injetada pelo compensador deve estar em fase com a tensão da rede afundada. Pode-se, também, controlar a injeção da tensão de compensação para minimizar a potência ativa a ser injetada pelo compensador série para compensar um afundamento de tensão. Para realizar a correção com a mínima injeção de potência ativa utilizou-se expressões analíticas para obter a magnitude e o ângulo da tensão a ser injetada. Na implementação destas estratégias foi utilizado um algoritmo recursivo de mínimos quadrados para estimar a amplitude e fase da tensão da rede. Um sistema compensador série foi montado em laboratório para validar o método. As simulações e resultados experimentais são apresentados e constatam a eficácia do método proposto.

Since the heyday of analogue synthesizers in the 70's, they have largely been replaced by digital hardware and software synthesizers. However, in recent years, there has been a revival in analogue designs, possibly due to its ``warmer" sound. This projects aims to take part of this renewal by building a simple analogue synth design with the most basic modules (e.g. oscillators, filters, mixers, amplifier), accompanied by a step sequencer for programming melodies. This will be done by designing circuits and implementing them on breadboards. The circuits were designed with inspiration from various online resources, along with theoretical analysis and simulation software for complex circuitry. The result is a fully functional synthesizer with four sawtooth oscillators. The only modules missing from the initial design are battery support and a line out output for recording the output of the synthesizer. The pitch specification was met as the oscillator did not differ from the expected frequency by more than $\pm$15 cents (hundredths of a semitone), for a range of five octaves. Some possible improvements include better step sequencer user friendliness by installing a display to indicate the notes, more robustness by implementing the synth on a circuit board instead of breadboard. Some improvements can be made for the synth. For example, a display for the step sequencer would facilitate melody programming. Moreover, implementing the synth on a circuit board instead of breadboards would greatly improve robustness and reduce the risk of sound disruptions.

No description available.

Je jasné, že nejúspěšnější konstrukce zahrnuje postup vícefázového řízení, ve kterém každá fáze může být považována za samostatný modul. Provoz kterékoliv z jednotek musí mít minimální vliv na ostatní, a to tak, že v případě selhání jedné jednotky ostatní mohou být v provozu neovlivněny. Modulární řešení vyžaduje minimální elektrické, magnetické a tepelné ovlivnění mezi fázemi řízení (měniče). Synchronní stroje s pulzním tokem a permanentními magnety se jeví jako atraktivní typ stroje, jejíž přednostmi jsou vysoký kroutící moment, jednoduchá a robustní konstrukce rotoru a skutečnost, že permanentní magnety i cívky jsou umístěny společně na statoru. FS-PMSM jsou poměrně nové typy střídavého stroje stator-permanentní magnet, které představují významné přednosti na rozdíl od konvenčních rotorů - velký kroutící moment, vysoký točivý moment, v podstatě sinusové zpětné EMF křivky, zároveň kompaktní a robustní konstrukce díky umístění magnetů a vinutí kotvy na statoru. Srovnání výsledků mezi FS-PMSM a klasickými motory na povrchu upevněnými PM (SPM) se stejnými parametry ukazuje, že FS-PMSM vykazuje větší vzduchové mezery hustoty toku, vyšší točivý moment na ztráty v mědi, ale také vyšší pulzaci díky reluktančnímu momentu. Pro stroje buzené permanentními magnety se jedná o tradiční rozpor mezi požadavkem na vysoký kroutící moment pod základní rychlostí (oblast konstantního momentu) a provozem nad základní rychlostí (oblast konstantního výkonu), zejména pro aplikace v hybridních vozidlech. Je předložena nová topologie synchronního stroje s permanentními magnety a spínaným tokem odolného proti poruchám, která je schopná provozu během vinutí naprázdno a zkratovaného vinutí i poruchách měniče. Schéma je založeno na dvojitě vinutém motoru napájeném ze dvou oddělených vektorově řízených napěťových zdrojů. Vinutí jsou uspořádána takovým způsobem, aby tvořila dvě nezávislé a oddělené sady. Simulace a experimentální výzkum zpřesní výkon během obou scénářů jak za normálního provozu, tak za poruch včetně zkratových závad a ukáží robustnost pohonu za těchto podmínek. Tato práce byla publikována v deseti konferenčních příspěvcích, dvou časopisech a knižní kapitole, kde byly představeny jak topologie pohonu a aplikovaná řídící schémata, tak analýzy jeho schopnosti odolávat poruchám.