Following China’s accession to the WTO, a series of trade frictions and issues on non-automatic export licensing have been triggered between the PRC and the US. Moreover, the US has launched a global campaign against the PRC by means of US re-export controls towards the PRC and WTO cases concerning PRC export restrictions on various minerals as raw materials. In practice, it has become increasingly important to resolve such disputes and issues in a WTO forum. However, relevant studies still seem to be quite limited. This thesis undertakes comparative analyses as its cardinal methodology. The political economy of trade policy is applied as the basic analytical approach for policy analysis, while linguistic analysis and case study are used in the legal analysis. In addition, historical review, document study, participant observation and individual interviews are employed in both legal and policy study. As the central argument of this thesis, under WTO law the inadequacies of PRC export restrictions need improving in order to facilitate trade; while the excessive national discretion of US export controls needs constraining in order to liberalise trade – both in the direction of consistency with WTO law. This central argument indicates the final conclusions of the comparisons among PRC export restrictions, US export controls and the related WTO law. As concluded, PRC export restrictions are weaker than US export controls in transparency, rationality and neutrality in legal principle, the “both and separately” legislative mode, regulatory authorities, openness of regulatory procedures and regulatory criteria, complicated regulatory instruments, and the objectivity, impartiality and promptness of the administrative reconsideration and administrative litigation procedures. The PRC needs to improve these aspects of its weaknesses in trade facilitation in order to comply with the relevant WTO disciplines. Compared with the PRC, the US has much policy discretion in its coherence with WTO law because US export control policy seems to be less influenced by GATT/WTO; the domestic effect of the WTO law has been dramatically weakened by opposing domestic political voices in the US; and the regulatory reasons for US export controls seem only to be partly and conditionally justifiable under WTO security exceptions. In these aspects, the US is advised to constrain its excessive national discretion in order to be consistent with WTO law and to liberalise trade. As the central argument continues to claim, the aforesaid improvements in PRC export restrictions and US export controls may identify and correct the inconsistencies of both with WTO law, and provide solutions for Sino-US trade frictions and issues on non-automatic export licensing and for other issues and frictions in a US global campaign against the PRC in the WTO forum. This may contribute to the stabilisation of Sino-US trade relations and the world trading system. The relevant research gaps can also be filled, and a significant theoretical contribution to this research field can be made. / published_or_final_version / Law / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Thesis (MEng)--University of South Australia, 1994

No description available.

No description available.

Advances in computational power and expanded access to computing clusters has made mathematical modeling of complex wave effects possible. We have used multi-core and cluster computing to implement analytical and numerical models of ultrasonic wave scattering in fluid and solid media (acoustic and elastic waves). We begin by implementing complicated analytical equations that describe the force upon spheres immersed in inviscid and viscous fluids due to an incident plane wave. Two real-world applications of acoustic force upon spheres are investigated using the mathematical formulations: emboli removal from cardiopulmonary bypass circuits using traveling waves and the micromanipulation of algal cells with standing waves to aid in biomass processing for algae biofuels. We then move on to consider wave scattering situations where analytical models do not exist: scattering of acoustic waves from multiple scatterers in fluids and Lamb wave scattering in solids. We use a numerical method called finite integration technique (FIT) to simulate wave behavior in three dimensions. The 3D simulations provide insight into experimental results for situations where 2D simulations would not be sufficient. The diverse set of scattering situations explored in this work show the broad applicability of the underlying principles and the computational tools that we have developed. Overall, our work shows that the movement towards better availability of large computational resources is opening up new ways to investigate complicated physics phenomena.

In order to perform useful tasks for us, robots must have the ability to notice, recognize, and respond to objects and events in their environment. This requires the acquisition and synthesis of information from a variety of sensors. Here we investigate the performance of a number of sensor modalities in an unstructured outdoor environment, including the Microsoft Kinect, thermal infrared camera, and coffee can radar. Special attention is given to acoustic echolocation measurements of approaching vehicles, where an acoustic parametric array propagates an audible signal to the oncoming target and the Kinect microphone array records the reflected backscattered signal. Although useful information about the target is hidden inside the noisy time domain measurements, the Dynamic Wavelet Fingerprint process (DWFP) is used to create a time-frequency representation of the data. A small-dimensional feature vector is created for each measurement using an intelligent feature selection process for use in statistical pattern classification routines. Using our experimentally measured data from real vehicles at 50 m, this process is able to correctly classify vehicles into one of five classes with 94% accuracy. Fully three-dimensional simulations allow us to study the nonlinear beam propagation and interaction with real-world targets to improve classification results.

Thesis (M.S.)--Ohio State University. / Includes bibliographical references. Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center

Abstract The Embedded controls panel belongs to the components, in the terminal product overhead construction, forever is a supporting role, but actually is occupying the indispensable core status. Under division of labor system, in view of the fact that the product characteristic, the system industry cannot meddle in the design and the manufacture, also because its may the support be widespread, is industry which belongs specialized also may independently develop. Technical progress, effective promotion technology with producing energy, but has an inevitable phenomenon, will be in this stage that supply will surpass demand, but attacks each industry. The Embedded control panel industry not exceptional entered the Warring States time, the potential has certainly to have many physique to be worse, to be unable properly to adjust the suitable same business to be able to swallow in competition sea. This tendency is unable to keep off, where but doesn't have red sea to have the blue sea, the crisis is the favorable turn time, starts an undertaking leader which has not been able to become the market, now actually also is becomes market Challenger the turning point. Company's energy is limited, must the effective utilization, therefore must be able thoroughly understand the market, discovered customer's real demand, the fixed industry development tendency, according to strengthens the company competitive ability, it can stand in this market to the invincible position, in is stable strives for the development. Is the management essence in the layout, how this research goal repeatedly carefully examining the market, the product and the customer after the discussion document company, draws up the effective feasible whole development strategy, again penetrates the company interior the reform, of competitive ability the strengthened product, innovates, uniquely promotes good reputation in the global Embedded controls panel competitive market. The research the main conclusion is as follows: 1. Penetrates the market investigation, the product, the customer behavior pattern repeatedly discussion, draws up the company whole development strategy, is clear about the limits enterprise to manage the pattern and the development direction. 2. To in affiliation by the management technique, the realization company is basic and the core competitive ability constructs the construction, the promotion enterprise manages the physique. 3. Foreign rests on the global layout strategy plan, the coordinate product life cycle management, vertical and operation horizontal marketing, steady expands the enterprise domain.

In an office building in the US the office equipment uses about 7% of the total electricity use. Eventhough this is a low number, there is still a reason to save more energy, especially since one third of theenergy savings are lost when power management is not enabled.The core in the project ”Power Management Controls” is to develop a voluntary standard, The UserInterface Standard, that manufacturers of office equipment can use as a reference when they developnew equipment and design new interfaces. The interface is an important part of the use of powermanagement and doing this should increase the use of power management and save more energy. Theinterfaces are ofter hidden or inconsistent and confusing, which makes it harder for the user tounderstand power management. A more consistent interface makes it easier for the user to understandthe meaning of an interface and power management itselfThe standard consists of six different parts, which describe what can be done to achieve a consistentinterface. The standard also describes the part of the project called Dynamic Behavior. This part isconcentrating on the interfaces and the behavior of the device over time, which is important for the userto understand.The purpose of this degree project is to study and participate in the project ”Power ManagementControls”, and to understand what is being done to save more energy.

In 2002, Congress passed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which requires firms to assess internal controls and report internal control weaknesses. My study examines the causes and consequences of material weaknesses (MW) reported under Section 302 of SOX. First, I investigate whether firms that report MW are associated with less effective audit committees and boards of directors. Using 184 firms that reported MW and a matched-pair sample of control firms, I find that firms with lower audit committee financial expertise, smaller audit committees, and lower board independence are more likely to have MW. Second, I examine whether the managerial labor market imposes penalties on top management, audit committees, and boards of directors for internal control failures. I find that MW firms have significantly higher turnover of their audit committee members and outside directors than the control firms following the MW detection. Audit committee members and outside directors in the MW firms also lose more outside directorships than their counterparts in the control firms. Additional analyses show that the extent of reputational penalties increase with the severity of the MW detected. Third, I examine whether the MW firms improve their governance structures upon the MW detection. The results indicate that MW firms experience greater improvement in their governance structures than the control firms. By the second year following the MW detection, the MW and control firms no longer differ in terms of audit committee independence, audit committee financial expertise, audit committee size, and board independence. Last, I examine whether the market reacts positively to the improvement in governance structures. I find a positive relation between the two-year buy-and-hold abnormal returns and the MW firms improvement in audit committee size and board independence. This result is consistent with the improvement in governance structures restoring investor confidence in financial reporting.