Electrophoretic karyotypes were obtained from intact cells of four wild type strains of Tilletia caries and T. controversa, and 5 inter specific hybrid progeny using clamped homogeneous electric field, pulsed field gel electrophoresis (CHEF PFGE). Each karyotype was polymorphic and unique relative to the other strains. However, the relative size range of all the chromosomes was consistent and typically ranged from approximately 850 to 4,490 kilobasepairs (Kb) for all strains, accept for two atypically small chromosomes in one strain of T. caries. The minimum estimated number of chromosomes was 19 or 20 for strains of T. controversa, 14 to 20 for T. caries, and from 19 to 22 for the hybrid progeny. The minimum estimated total genome size ranged from 28 to 39 megabasepairs (mb) for T. caries, 34 to 40 mb for T. controversa, and 36 to 42 mb for the hybrid progeny. Southern hybridization analysis performed with cloned, single copy homologous DNA fragments identified a single similar-sized chromosome in all strains. The maximum percent variability of the linkage groups defined by the single copy probes was 10% or less. The rDNA from Neurospora crassa hybridized with 2 or 3 chromosomes in the wild type stains of T. caries and T. controversa, and with 1 to 3 chromosomes in the hybrid progeny. The maximum percent variability among chromosomes that hybridized with the rDNA probe ranged from 35 to 40%. Either 1 or 2 chromosomes were identified by the single copy actin gene from Aspergillus nidulans, and the maximum percent variability ranged from 4 to 14% for these chromosomes. It was not possible to differentiate between the karyotypes of strains of either T. caries or T. controversa using the physical appearance of the karyotypes, the number and sizes of chromosomes, the genome sizes, or by Southern hybridization analysis. Analysis of the karyotypes of the hybrid progeny revealed that all were unique relative to each other and the parental stains, providing circumstantial evidence for the presence of recombinant chromosomes. That the genome size and chromosomes numbers of the hybrid progeny were similar to their monokaryotic parental strains strongly argues that the reduction division stage of meiosis had occurred. Seven teliospore samples from Oregon and Turkey were examined for their germination and autofluorescence properties. The teliospore samples were analyzed to determine if low temperature germination (0-4° C) and autofluorescing spore-wall reticulations associated with spores of T. controversa were usually linked. Two of the seven teliospore samples showed these characteristics to be unlinked. In an attempt to clone the mating type genes of T. caries and T. controversa, total genomic DNA was probed with a fragment of the b west mating type gene from Ustilago hordei. Although single 1.4 kb BamHI fragment from both pathogens was cloned by homology and sequenced, its role in mating type function remains uncertain. / Graduation date: 1993

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasilia, Departamento de Filosofia, 2010. / Submitted by Raquel Viana (tempestade_b@hotmail.com) on 2011-06-15T17:47:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_JoaoMarcosTomasdaCruzMiranda.pdf: 697808 bytes, checksum: db5c0c2dfb9b13ed8a63680a3057257e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Guilherme Lourenço Machado(gui.admin@gmail.com) on 2011-06-16T13:59:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_JoaoMarcosTomasdaCruzMiranda.pdf: 697808 bytes, checksum: db5c0c2dfb9b13ed8a63680a3057257e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2011-06-16T13:59:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_JoaoMarcosTomasdaCruzMiranda.pdf: 697808 bytes, checksum: db5c0c2dfb9b13ed8a63680a3057257e (MD5) / Este trabalho tem como objetivo discutir e analisar um dos assuntos mais controversos na filosofia do pensador alemão Friedrich Nietzsche: a morte de Deus. Esse enunciado tem sido interpretado das mais diversas formas, desde a possível ligação com um fato histórico específico até a militância por uma causa ateísta. Este trabalho consiste em ler e interpretar essa expressão a partir da própria obra de Nietzsche. Não só foram pesquisadas a Gaia Ciência e Assim falou Zaratustra, mas suas outras principais obras, analisando minuciosamente o que Nietzsche queria enunciar com a morte do Deus cristão e a ligação deste fato com eventos históricos, culturais, filosóficos, científicos e religiosos de sua época. O resultado da pesquisa evidencia que a morte de Deus foi um evento europeu, embora tenha tido a participação de todos os povos; foi um evento paulatino que culminou no século XIX através das inúmeras revoluções científicas deste período; um evento que aconteceu e foi constatado nos meios aristocráticos de seu tempo, ou seja, na burguesia protestante da Alemanha; é um evento que representava o declínio da fé no Deus cristão e a queda dos valores morais cristãos por meio do ateísmo científico e sintetizava também a proposta nietzschiana de avanço deste mesmo ateísmo. Analisou-se também neste trabalho os desdobramentos posteriores que a morte de Deus teria na filosofia de outros pensadores tais como Martin Heidegger, Gianni Vattimo e Julian Young e também na teologia através de teólogos como Altizer, Vahanian, Van Buren e Hamilton culminando no movimento teológico da morte de Deus também conhecido como movimento do ateísmo cristão. Procuramos analisar também se é possível ou não uma religiosidade alternativa em Nietzsche, ou seja, acatar suas críticas como positivas à religião. _________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / The purpose of this work is to discuss and analyze one of the most controversial matters in the philosophy of German thinker Friedrich Nietzsche: the death of God. This sentence has been understood in many ways, from the perspective of a likely link with a historical fact to the militancy for an atheistic cause. This work consists in reading and understanding this expression from Nietzsche’s own work. Not only the Gay Science and Thus Spoke Zarathustra was researched, but also his other main works, analyzing carefully what Nietzsche meant by the death of the Christian God and linking this fact with historical, cultural, philosophic, scientific and religious events from his age. The result of this research attempts to show that the death of God was an European event even though it had the participation of all nations; it was a gradual event that culminated in the 19th century through many scientific revolutions from this period; an event which happened and was observed in aristocratic circles from his time, that is to say, in German protestant bourgeoisie; it was an event which represented the decline of faith in the Christian God and the fall of Christian moral values through scientific atheism and it showed Nietzsche’s proposal of advancement of atheism; it was also analyzed in this work the posterior consequences that the death of God had in philosophy of others thinkers as Martin Heidegger, Gianni Vattimo and Julian Young and also in the theology of authors like Altizer, Vahanian, Van Buren and Hamilton culminating in the theological movement of the death of God known also as the movement of Christian atheism. The purpose of dedicating a part of this work for the theology of the death of God is to investigate whether there is a positive side of the death of God for religion and theology.

Der Befall von Getreide mit Steinbrand ist keine Ausnahme mehr. Beim Steinbrand wird zwischen Weizensteinbrand (Tilletia caries) und Zwergsteinbrand (Tilletia controversa) unterschieden. Das Faltblatt informiert über Biologie, Symptome im Feld sowie Möglichkeiten der Eindämmung und Bekämpfung.