The expression and role of Loto genes was previously investigated in arthropods and it was concluded that the morphogenetic functions of Loto genes were conserved in the last common ancestors of arthropods. In this paper, possible orthologs of Loto clade genes are analysed and it was found that they possibly play a conserved role in convergent extension of cells from the blastoderm stage to germ band extension stage. The differences and similarities in the number of and expression of Loto clade genes in arthropods and onychophorans are compared and analysed. Unlike in arthropods, the expression of Euperipatoides Loto is strongest in the head including part of the somewhat enigmatic frontal appendages (the onychophoran antennae). I also find a stripped segmental pattern of expression that is similar to that classic expression in transverse segmental stripes of Loto class genes as seen in arthropods. However, these stripes are only week and appear to be mesodermal rather than ectodermal, as in arthropods. These facts are discussed in regard to current hypothesis about the origin of segmentation in panarthropods.Insects, crustaceans and chelicerates each possess a set of several Loto class genes which are also involved in convergent extension. But the myriapod Strigamia only appears to possess one such gene.  I therefore investigated Loto genes in another distantly related myriapod, Glomeris. It appears to only have one Loto gene and this appears to be involved in convergent extension as well. Two Toll genes  of Glomeris (Gm-567 and Gm-596) were incomplete and could according to phylogenetic analysis represent Loto genes. I therefore checked their expression and found that they are not expressed like Loto genes. A third potential Glomeris Loto gene (Gm-399) could not be isolated via PCR.My data suggest a somewhat different role for onychophoran Loto than convergent extension, and that the ancestral set of panarthropod Loto genes may be one, rather than a set. / Loto-genernas roll och uttryck var tidigare undersökt inom leddjur och slutsatsen var att morfogenetiska funktioner av Loto-gener var konserverade hos närmsta förfäderna till leddjuren. I denna artikel/rapport studerades ortologer till Loto-generna, vilket kunde konstateras att dessa förmodligen har en viktig roll i konvergent förlängning (convergent extension) av celler från blastoderma stadiet till germ band stadiet. Skillnader och likheter i uttryck av Loto-gener inom leddjur och Onychophora (klomaskar) jämfördes och analyserades. Olikt från leddjur så var uttrycket av Euperipatoides Loto som starkast i antennen vid huvudet på Onychophora. Jag kunde också se ett segmenterat mönster av uttrycket som är liknande de uttryck i form av segmentell band som återfinns i klassen Loto-gener hos leddjuren. Dessa är dock svaga och verkar bara vara mesodermala snarare än ektodermala som hos leddjur. Dessa fakta diskuteras kring hypotesen kring ursprunget om segmentering hos Panarthropoda.Insekter, kräftdjur och palpkäkar har alla flera klasser av Loto gener som även de är inblandade konvergent förlängning. Men, myriapod Strigamia har bara en Loto-gen. Därför valde jag att utforska de Loto-gener i en annan långt relaterad myriapod kallad Glomeris. Det verkar som Glomeris har en Loto-gen och den är involverad i konvergent förlängning också. Två Toll-gener från Glomeris (Gm-567 och Gm-596) var inte kompletta och kunde representera Loto-gener enlig analys från phylogenetiskt träd. Därför kollade jag uttrycket på dessa gener och kunde se att de inte var uttryckta i samma grad som Loto-gener. En tredje potentiell Glomeris Loto-gen (Gm-399) kunde inte bli isolerad med hjälp av PCR.Min data tyder på att klomaskars Loto-gener har en annan roll än konvergent förlängning och attpanarthropods kanske bara hade en Loto-gene istället för ett set av gener.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第21295号 / 医博第4384号 / 新制||医||1030(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 影山 龍一郎, 教授 浅野 雅秀, 教授 辻川 明孝 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DAM

The purpose of this thesis was to explore stakeholder response to the increase in corporate involvement in college sports. As tough economic times have been steadily realized into a recession, the rise in educational costs and in amount of money required to run athletic programs have placed a tremendous need on athletic departments for money. As a result, a popular trend of outsourcing or selling, marketing rights to third party entities has been a quick way to raise needed revenues. In the selling of these marketing rights, athletic departments have essentially opened the door to allow for an increase in corporation involvement at these athletic events. This paper utilizes Fishbein and Ajzen's Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to discover how the increase in marketing efforts are impacting their stakeholders, or rather season ticket holders. The universities used in this study have within the last three years recently sold their marketing rights and belong to the same network company, ISP Sports. These universities are: Brigham Young University (BYU), Texas Christian University (TCU), and the University of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV). The first factor studied showed stakeholders of these universities hold negative beliefs about the impact the marketing efforts are having on their purchasing habits. The second factor studied demonstrated a slight negative normative belief towards a social perception of the willingness to support sponsors who support their university. The third factor studied demonstrated a somewhat positive belief towards perceived control over the marketing efforts. As a result, this case study shows a composite negative behavioral intention trend.

<p> Power law fluids are analysed for entry flow in straight and converging channels in their pseudoplastic region (0.0≤n≤1.0). The motion and energy equations simplified by the boundary layer assumptions were solved by an implicit finite difference scheme with a marching procedure. To circumvent the difficulties arising from an infinite viscosity at zero shear rate, a minimum value of shear rate was used making the fluid newtonian at low shear rates. </p> <p> Entrance flows between parallel plates of infinite width (Slit) for uniform entry profile are discussed in Part I and converging flows for non-parallel flat plates is the subject of Part II of this work. Results are compared with their equivalent in the current literature for the newtonian case; new results are presented for non-newtonian fluids. These results include velocity and temperature profiles, pressure drops, Nusselt number, and entry lengths as a function of the flow behavior index (n) and the taper angle. </p> / Thesis / Master of Engineering (ME)

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Probability-one homotopy algorithms have strong convergence characteristics under mild assumptions. Such algorithms for mixed complementarity problems (MCPs) have potentially wide impact because MCPs are pervasive in science and engineering. A probability-one homotopy algorithm for MCPs was developed earlier by Billups and Watson based on the default homotopy mapping. This algorithm had guaranteed global convergence under some mild conditions, and was able to solve most of the MCPs from the MCPLIB test library. This thesis extends that work by presenting some other homotopy mappings, enabling the solution of all the remaining problems from MCPLIB. The homotopy maps employed are the Newton homotopy and homotopy parameter embeddings. / Master of Science

Les Alpes et les Pyrénées sont des chaînes de montagnes en domaine que l’on peut quasiment qualifier d’intraplaque compte tenu des taux de déformation horizontaux si faibles qu’on ne peut actuellement pas les quantifier avec la géodésie. Pourtant, la déformation tectonique et la sismicité actuelles en Europe occidentale sont essentiellement concentrées dans ces chaînes de montagnes. Nocquet (2012) a montré que le taux de déformation à travers l'Europe occidentale est faible et reste en dessous des incertitudes sur les mesures. Le mouvement horizontal à travers les Pyrénées et les Alpes occidentales est de l’ordre de ~0 ± 0.5 mm/an.Pour étudier la déformation tectonique dans les Alpes occidentales et les Pyrénées, nous avons calculé l’évolution des positions de 166 stations GPS permanentes des réseaux RENAG, RGP, EUREF et IGS. La longueur des séries temporelles varie de 1,8 à 16,0 ans. Les données ont été traitées en utilisant une approche de positionnement ponctuel précis (PPP). Nous avons examiné l'influence de différentes corrections sur des estimations de vitesses horizontale et verticale: (1) les paramètres d’irrégularité de rotation de la Terre (ERP), (2) la fonction de projection globale (GMF) et la fonction de projection de Vienne (VMF1) des retards troposphériques, (3) les modèles du centre de phase des antennes (APC).En général, les effets du modèle troposphérique, des corrections ERP et APC sont négligeables en termes de vitesses horizontales. Cependant, les corrections ERP et APC affectent les vitesses verticales avec des différences de l’ordre de ~ 0.5 mm/an. Nous avons également analysé les effets sur les séries temporelles des corrections de surcharge liées austockage de l'eau continental (GLDAS), la pression atmosphérique (ATML), et la surcharge océanique (NTOL). En moyenne, le résultat des corrections de surcharge combinant les trois modèles (GLDAS + ATML + NTOL) induit une augmentation des signaux saisonniers de position: les amplitudes annuelles (estimées en utilisant une fonction sinusoïdale de meilleurajustement) sont augmentés de 0.10, 1.55 et 0.50 mm pour les composantes Nord, Est, et Verticale. Ainsi, ce modèle combiné de surcharges ne semble pas être approprié pour corriger les séries temporelles. Les corrections de surcharge ont une influence significative sur les vitesses horizontales et verticales, les moyennes des différences pour les composantes horizontales et verticales sont de 0.24 et 0.55 mm/an par rapport à des vitesses non corrigées.Par conséquent, les modèles de surcharges doivent être améliorées avant de pouvoir être utilisés pour améliorer les estimations de vitesse GPS. Nous avons estimé la durée minimum de données GPS continues nécessaires pour atteindre 7 différents niveaux de précision de vitesse. L'incertitude des estimations de vitesses à partir des séries temporelles GPS dépend fortement de la longueur des séries temporelles. On examine la stabilité et l'incertitude des estimations de vitesses par une analyse de la convergence (c’est à dire, estimation du temps d’observation nécessaire pour obtenir une vitesse proche de celle calculée pour la série temporelle complète). Sur la base de cette analyse, nous estimons que laprécision de 0.5 mm/an est obtenue après une durée moyenne de 4,43 et de 4,78 ans de données continues GPS pour les composantes horizontales et verticales. / The Western Alps and the Pyrenees are mountain ranges that can almost be qualified asintraplate domain given the horizontal deformation rate so low that we cannot currentlyquantify it with geodesy. However, present-day tectonic deformation and seismicity inWestern Europe is essentially concentrated in these mountain ranges. Nocquet (2012) showedthat the deformation rates across Western Europe are so low that they remain belowmeasurement uncertainties, with horizontal motion across the Pyrenees and the Western Alpsof ~0 ± 0.5 mm/yr.To study tectonic deformation in the Western Alps and Pyrenees region, we have analyzed thetimes-series of 166 GPS permanent stations of RGP, RENAG, EUREF and IGS networkswith times-series length from 1,8 to 16,0 years. Data were processed using a Precise PointPositioning (PPP) approach. We have examined the influence of different corrections on thehorizontal and vertical velocities: (1) Earth Rotation Parameters (ERP), (2) Global MappingFunction (GMF) and the Vienna Mapping Function (VMF1) tropospheric delays, (3) absoluteantenna phase center (APC). In general, the influence of the troposphere model, the ERP andAPC corrections are negligible in terms of horizontal velocities. In contrast, ERP and APCcorrections affect vertical velocities with differences at ~0.5 mm/yr level. We have alsoanalyzed the effects of surface mass loading due to changes in continental water storage(GLDAS), atmospheric pressure (ATML), and non-tidal ocean loading (NTOL). On average,the combination of loading corrections (GLDAS + ATML + NTOL) result in an increase inthe seasonal signals: annual amplitudes (estimated using a best-fit sine function) are increasedby 0.10, 1.55 and 0.50 mm for the north, east, and vertical components, respectively. Hence,this combination of loading models does not seem to be appropriate to correct the time-series.Loading corrections have a significant influence on horizontal and vertical velocities(horizontal and vertical average differences of 0.24 and 0.55 mm/yr compared to uncorrectedvelocities). Therefore, the surface loading models must be improved before they can be usedto improve the GPS velocity estimates.We estimated the minimum time spans of GPS continuous data required to achieve 7 differentlevels of velocity precisions. The uncertainty of velocity estimates from GPS time-seriesstrongly depend on the length of time-series data. We examine the stability and uncertainty ofvelocity estimates by a convergence analysis (i.e., estimation of necessary observation time toobtain a velocity close to that calculated for the complete time series). To obtain an unbiasedand realistic comparative analysis, we have compared a synthetic solution of forward andbackward time for velocity and uncertainty estimates. On the basis of this analysis, weestimate that the precision of 0.5 mm/yr in velocity solution is achieved after an average timespan of 4,43 and 4,78 years of continuous GPS data for the horizontal and verticalcomponents, respectively.In this study, the Euler rotation pole for the stable Western European plate in the ITRF2008reference frame was defined from a 62-sites subset with an RMS of residual horizontalvelocities of 0.29 mm/yr level. The Euler pole is located at 53.730°N, and -101.856°E and hasa rotation rate of 0.256°/Myr. We also present the present-day velocity field with precisionsbetter than 0.5 mm/yr in the Western Alps and the Pyrenees region. The results show nosignificant vertical movements in the Pyrenees, in contrast with the vertical velocities of theWestern Alps that can reach up to 2.49 mm/yr.

De par leurs propriétés physico-chimiques spécifiques, les nanomatériaux attirent de plus en plus la communauté scientifique. Dans ce contexte, il est important d'améliorer les techniques de caractérisation à l'échelle nanométrique. Ce travail de thèse est basé sur le développement de techniques de diffraction électronique pour l'étude de matériaux bi-dimensionnels et tri-dimensionnels.La diffraction électronique en faisceau convergent contient de nombreuses informations sur la structure l'échantillon. Ces informations, portées par les lignes de HOLZ, permettent de déterminer l'épaisseur de l'échantillon, le facteur de structure, la direction d'observation, la tension d'accélération des électrons, ainsi que la longueur de caméra. Des ambiguïtés existent dans la détermination de l'état de contraintes car un cliché expérimental est une projection bi-dimensionnelle d'une information tri-dimensionnelle. Il a été possible au cours de cette thèse de réduire ces ambiguïtés et de déterminer ainsi les composantes diagonales du tenseur de déformation à partir d'une seule direction d'observation. En étudiant l'élargissement des lignes de HOLZ, dû à une déformation non uniforme dans le sens de propagation des électrons, il a été possible de remonter au champ de déplacement suivant l'axe du faisceau d'électrons.La seconde partie de cette thèse s'intéresse aux matériaux bi-dimensionnels comme le Graphène, le Nitrure de Bore (BN) et le disulfure de Molybdène (MoS2). L'interprétation du contraste d'une image de microscopie électronique en transmission haute résolution est discutée, notamment sur l'importance de l'orientation de l'échantillon et des aberrations. Une méthode de mesure de l'orientation d'un échantillon bi-dimensionnel basée sur la projection des tâches de diffraction est présentée. Enfin, trois techniques de mesure d'épaisseur sont comparées en les appliquant à quelques couches atomique de MoS2 et BN. / The small dimensions of nanomaterials give them remarkable properties attracting the scientific community. In order to understand and control these properties, it is essential to characterize them at the nanometer scale. This thesis work is based on the development of electron microscopy diffraction techniques for the study of two and three dimensional materials.Convergent Beam Electron Diffraction patterns contain large amount of information on the sample geometry. This information, carried by HOLZ lines, allows to determine the sample thickness, the structure factor, the direction of observation, the electron acceleration voltage and the camera length. Ambiguities in strain measurement arise from the experimental two-dimensional projection of three-dimensional information. During this thesis, it has been possible to reduce these ambiguities and therefore to measure the diagonal components of the deformation gradient tensor from one direction of observation only. By studying the HOLZ lines broadening, due to a non-uniform strain along the electron beam direction, it has been possible to retrieve the displacement field along the beam direction.The second part of this thesis is focused on the study of two-dimensional materials such as Graphene, Boron Nitride (BN) or Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2). The delicate interpretation of the contrast of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy images and especially the importance of aberrations and sample tilt on this contrast is discussed. A method to quantify two-dimensional sample orientation using diffraction spots projection effect is presented. Finally, three thickness measurement techniques are compared by applying them to few-layered MoS2 et BN.

Text in English / Submitted in partial fulfillment of a Master's Degree at the University of South Africa / Our main goal is to collate into a single document what is presently known regarding pointfree convergence. This will be done by exposing some well-known results on pointfree convergence in a much more simpler way. We will start to study the convergence and clustering of filters in frames in terms of covers and use this to characterise compact frames and some type of uniform frames. We will extend this study to a more general type of filters. We will then discuss convergence and clustering of filters on a locale, where a filter on a locale L is just a filter in the sublattice of all the sublocales of L. This convergence has many applications like characterising compact locales and also characterising sharp points which will also be studied. Finally, the latter concepts of convergence and clustering will be reconciled with the previous one. / Mathematical Sciences