Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1967. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2007. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xv, 136 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 100-105).

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-08-08Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:37:17Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 barbosajr_u_me_guara.pdf: 1865884 bytes, checksum: 83bd72a45ee094f9fe7d582b28f8f175 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / No Brasil, as chapas para aplicação em vasos de pressão são produzidas com tratamento térmico de normalização. Devido às exigências de garantias de propriedades mecânicas após tratamento pós-soldagem, há necessidade de se adicionar elementos de liga, que podem segregar-se no centro da chapa. Uma alternativa é produzir chapas de aço pelo processo de resfriamento acelerado (processo termomecânico), mas que requer elevado investimento em equipamentos para as usinas nacionais. O resfriamento rápido logo após a normalização, seguido de revenimento, vem como alternativa para produzir chapas com propriedades mecânicas tão boas quanto às produzidas pelo processo termomecânico, sem a necessidade de adição de elementos de liga e de investimentos em equipamentos. Neste trabalho foram avaliadas as influências do resfriamento rápido nas propriedades mecânicas do aço, onde se verificou redução do tamanho de grão ferrítico, com possível formação de bainita. Obteve-se melhora no limite resistência à tração, limite de escoamento e na tenacidade do aço. Houve, porém, redução no alongamento e aumento da dureza do aço. Foi avaliada também neste trabalho a influência do tratamento térmico póssoldagem, onde se verificaram uma possível esferoidização da cementita e precipitação de cementita nos contornos de grão, reduzindo o limite de resistência à tração, escoamento e a tenacidade do aço, além da redução da dureza do aço. Verificou-se também aumento da tenacidade do aço, possivelmente pelo alívio das tensões residuais internas, ainda existentes após o revenimento. Não foi evidenciada a influência deste tratamento no tamanho de grão ferrítico do aço. / In Brazil, plates for application in pressure vessels are produced by normalization heat treatment. Due to exigencies of guarantees of mechanical properties after postweld heat treatment, it is necessary to add alloy elements that can segregate themselves in the center of the plate. One alternative is to produce steel plates by accelerated cooling process (thermomechanical process), but it requires high investment in equipment for our national mills. Rapid cooling after the normalization, followed by tempering, turns up as alternative to produce plates with so good mechanical properties as those them produced by thermomechanical process, without the necessity of adding alloy elements and without investments in equipment. In this work were evaluated influences of rapid cooling heat treatment in the mechanical properties of the steel, where it was evidenced a reduction of the ferrite grain size with possible bainite formation. It was evidenced improvement in ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and tenacity of the steel. However, it was also evidenced reduction in the elongation and an increase of the hardness of the steel. It was also evaluated in this work the influence of post weld heat treatment, where if it was evidenced the possible occurrence of spheroidization of the cementite and precipitation of cementite in the grain boundary, reducing the ultimate tensile strength, the yield strength and the tenacity of the steel, beyond the reduction of the hardness. It was also evidenced an increase of the tenacity of the steel, probably because the residual internal stress relief, still existing into the steel plate after the tempering heat treatment. It was not evidenced the influence of this treatment in the ferrite grain size of steel.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2003Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:05:51Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 camargo_jr_dr_guara.pdf: 1019492 bytes, checksum: 2297d5279bcff4ccbedcb325ccb31939 (MD5) / O resfriamento evaporativo consiste na utilização da evaporação da água através da passagem de um fluxo de ar, provocando a redução na temperatura do ar e, apesar de utilizarem tecnologia relativamente simples, ainda são pouco utilizados para o condicionamento de ar em regiões de clima úmido. Este trabalho realiza um estudo dos potenciais e limitações de sistemas de condicionamento de ar por resfriamento evaporativo e evaporativo-adsortivo quando utilizados com o objetivo de propiciar conforto térmico ao homem e reduzir o consumo de energia. Apresenta-se, inicialmente, o princípio de funcionamento de sistemas de resfriamento evaporativo e de desumidificadores por adsorção. A seguir, apresentam-se os resultados dos ensaios de desempenho realizados em um resfriador evaporativo direto e propõe-se um novo sistema a ser utilizado em regiões em que as condições de conforto não podem ser supridas pelo resfriamento evaporativo somente. Estuda-se a aplicação desses sistemas a diversas cidades, caracterizadas por diferentes condições climáticas e conclui-se que os sistemas de resfriamento evaporativo acoplados a um desumidificador adsortivo apresentam perspectivas promissoras, principalmente para aplicação em condicionamento de ar onde existem fontes de calor de baixo custo ou calor residual disponível. A análise das condições do ar de insuflamento demonstra a viabilidade da utilização do sistema proposto para conforto térmico humano em regiões de clima úmido como uma alternativa aos sistemas convencionais de condicionamento de ar, poupando energia e protegendo o meio ambiente. / Evaporative cooling consists in using water evaporation through the passage of an air flow, thus decreasing the air temperature. In spite of using simple technology, it is seldon used for air conditioning in humid climate regions. This thesis develops a methodology that can be used to establish potentials and limitations of air conditioning systems by evaporative and desiccant cooling when used for human thermal comfort and lower power consumption. Firstly, the operational principles of evaporative cooling and dehumidification by adsorption systems are presented. Next, the results of performance tests developed on a direct evaporative cooler are described. Finally, a new system to be used in regions where the thermal comfort conditions cannot be supplied only by evaporative cooling is proposed. The applications of this system in several cities, characterized by different climate conditions are studied. It concluded that evaporative cooling systems coupled to a dehumidification adsorption system present promising perspectives, mainly to low cost air conditioning applications where residual heat sources are available. The analysis of the supply air conditions shows the feasibility of the proposed system for human thermal comfort in humid climates as an alternative to conventional air conditioning systems, saving energy and protecting the environment.

No description available.

This thesis investigates the design of domestic glazed spaces in the United Kingdom, by studying the effect of a range of variables on the thermal properties of glazed spaces, in order to achieve a thermally comfortable environment while minimising the use of energy for heating and cooling. Earlier research work on domestic glazed spaces has concentrated on optimising the design of the space as a mechanism for reducing the space heating load of the parent house. Computer based dynamic thermal simulation is used in this study as the method of assessment and the variables tested are; glazing type, orientation and the degree of integration of the glazed space with the parent building. Unshaded, unventilated, and unheated, glazed spaces were found to be thermally comfortable for only a quarter to a third of the hours of possible use whatever the form, orientation or glazing type. Generally the higher the insulating value of the glazing the fewer the number of comfortable hours for all orientations and arrangements, due to discomfort being caused by high temperatures, even though the weather data used for the simulations only rose above 27'C for 25 hours during the course of the year. Further studies showed that significant reductions in the number of hours experiencing high temperatures could be achieved by the use of buoyancy driven ventilation. The studies indicated that glazed spaces integrated into the house plan tended to experience high temperatures for long periods but that the peak temperatures were much lower than those experienced for shorter periods in the exposed spaces. The effect of ventilation on overheating was therefore more marked in the integral than in the exposed glazed spaces. A study of the effects of roof shading blinds indicated that internal blinds had minimal effect in reducing high temperatures. External blinds had a greater effect than ventilation and a combination of external roof blinds and ventilation appears to provide the best strategy for the control of high temperatures. Studies on space heating loads for the houses and glazed spaces indicated wide variations in the heating loads of the glazed spaces depending predominantly on the insulating properties of the glazing. In terms of the reduction in the space heating load for the parent house, the thermal simulation results predict very little change due to the presence of the glazed space. A study on the effect of increasing the thermal storage properties of the floor construction of the glazed spaces, by substituting a clay tile finish for the original thin carpet layer, in order to reduce high temperatures proved inconclusive with minimal changes in the number of comfortable hours experienced. An investigation of thermal comfort during the Winter indicated that low surface temperatures did not reduce resultant temperatures below the lower limit of the comfortable range in the glazed spaces, during the heated period.

Master of Science / Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering / Mohammad H. Hosni / A traditional cooling/refrigeration cycle has four main system components which are an evaporator, a compressor, a condenser, and an expansion valve. This type of cycle requires use of refrigerants which have been found to be harmful to the environment, including causing damage to the atmospheric ozone layer. The main objective of the project was to investigate a water-based non-vapor compression cooling system. Water as a working fluid has the advantages of being inexpensive and environmentally safe for use, as compared to commercially available chemical refrigerants. The water-based cooling system investigated employed cavitation phenomena in converging-diverging glass nozzles. Cavitation is an important phenomenon in fluids, and is common occurring in many devices such as pumps, refrigeration expansion valves, and capillary tubes. It occurs when the static pressure of the fluid falls below the vapor pressure, into a metastable liquid state. Cavitation can be in the form of traveling bubble cavitation, vortex cavitation, cloud cavitation, or attached wall cavitation. In this thesis, the focus was first on visualizing cavitation for water flowing through converging- diverging glass nozzles. These nozzles had throat diameters between 2 mm and 4 mm. Two systems were used: (1) a continuous flow system, where water was driven by a centrifugal pump, and (2) a transient blow down system, where water flow was initiated using a suction pump. A high-speed camera was used to record videos and images of the associated cavitation phenomena. A thermal infrared camera was used in an attempt to measure temperature drop in the nozzle while the system was running The second part of this thesis focused on the understanding of the fundamental thermodynamics phenomena and on the development of practical knowledge relevant to the cavitation process. Two equations of state were used in the analysis, the van der walls equation of state, and the Peng Robinson equation of state. Equations of state were used to predict the transition from vapor to liquid. At a given temperature, the equations were solved for a pressure value corresponding to saturated liquid and saturated vapor specific volume values. Then, the equations were used to determine the spinodal liquid and vapor lines, which represent the metastabillity limits for the liquid and vapor. The characteristic equations of state, combined with implementation of the Law of Corresponding States and thermodynamic theory, were used to estimate the temperature reduction available for refrigeration.

No description available.

No description available.

The development of the so-called Görtler vortices in boundary layer flows over a concave surface leads to strong velocity gradients in both wall-normal and spanwise directions. This determines the flow structures to become more prone to secondary instabilities, which prompt to an early transition from laminar to turbulent flow, ultimately increasing the frictional drag. It is possible to circumvent these secondary instabilities by means of passive or active flow control strategies, with sensors and actuators implemented at the wall. In this thesis, the effect of wall cooling and heating on Görtler vortices developing in supersonic and hypersonic boundary layers is investigated from a numerical point of view. The wall temperature is imposed through a ramping function that decreases or increases an upstream base wall temperature in the streamwise direction. The results show that this type of wall cooling or heating has a mild (adverse) effect on the vortex energy, and a more considerable (but beneficial) effect on the wall shear stress.