No description available.

This thesis describes the synthesis and coordination chemistry of self-assembled multidentate iron(II) phosphine complexes. Chapter 1 introduces the background to phosphine ligands, their properties, interactions with transition metals and applications. The chapter then discusses macrocyclic and medium ring P,N-containing ligands, as well as some water soluble phosphines. The chapter also introduces the novel self-assembled macrocyclic phosphine complex [FeL1(H2O)2]SO4 (1) and its tetradentate cyclic phosphine ligand L1. Chapter 2 describes the synthesis of [FeL1(H2O)2]SO4 (1) and its coordination chemistry with a variety of ligands, including halides, pseudo-halides, and CO. 57Fe labelled versions of complex 1 and the related dicarbonyl complex [FeL1(H2O)2]SO4 (9) were synthesised as models for the hydrogenase protein Hmd in a Nuclear Resonance Vibrational Spectroscopy study. Reactions were also undertaken to functionalise the hydroxymethyl groups in order to alter the properties of the complexes. The reaction of 1 with acetic anhydride afforded complex [Fe(L2)(k2-O2SO2)] (13), possessing the acylated ligand L2 and a coordinated sulfate ligand. The coordination chemistry of 13 was explored with a variety of neutral and anionic ligands, including halides, pseudohalides, carbonate, and CO. Electrochemical cyclic voltammetric investigations of L1 and L2 complexes were also explored. Chapter 3 reports the investigations carried out to explore the effect of altering the reagents of the self-assembly reaction. The self-assembly reaction to synthesise complex 1 was also attempted with copper(II), nickel(II), copper(II) and zinc(II) salts, as well as in the absence of a metal template, which all did not lead to the formation of any isolable species. The syntheses of the novel iron(II) complexes [Fe(L3)2(SO4)] (23) and cis-[Fe(L3)2Cl2] (24a) containing the new bidentate phosphine ligand L3 are also reported, as well as the coordination chemistry of 24a with a variety of ligands. The reaction of 24a with NaBH4 gave the trans hydride-chloride complex trans-[Fe(L3)2(H)Cl] (29). Electrochemical investigations of the L3 complexes were also carried out. Chapter 4 provides the experimental details for the reactions described in chapters 2 and 3.

"--"

Ce travail s'articule autour d'une méthode originale d'élaboration de ligands polydentes à motifs phosphine-carbène N-hétérocyclique (NHC) basée sur la réactivité unique de complexes du manganèse(I) à ligands méthylènephosphonium CpMn(CO)2(eta2-R2P+=C(H)Ph) vis-à-vis de dérivés de l'imidazole judicieusement choisis. Le premier chapitre consiste en une mise au point sur les ligands polydentes associant une phosphine à un carbène N-hétérocyclique, leur variété, leurs méthodes de synthèse et leurs applications dans le domaine de la catalyse homogène. Le deuxième chapitre est consacré à la synthèse d'une variété de complexes de méthylènephosphonium CpMn(CO)2(eta2-R2P+=C(H)Ph) à partir du cymantrène CpMn(CO)3 et de phosphines secondaires HPR2 portant différents groupements sur l'atome de phosphore dont le dérivé 2,5-diphénylphospholane disponible en version optiquement active. Les études spectroscopiques, structurales et théoriques ont permis de comprendre la structure électronique des complexes de méthylènephosphonium et de rationaliser leur réactivité vis-à-vis des nucléophiles qui s'avère être en effet être opposée à celle des sels de méthylènephosphonium libres. Le troisième chapitre décrit la préparation d'une bibliothèque de pré-ligands de type phosphine-C(H)Ph-imidazolium par attaque nucléophile d'un imidazole substitué (ImR') sur des complexes méthylènephosphonium suivie d'une étape de démétallation des complexes de phosphine intermédiaires CpMn(CO)2(kappa1-R2P-C(H)Ph-Im+R') par irradiation dans le visible et en solution dans le dichlorométhane. Selon la nature du substituant porté par l'azote de l'imidazole, cette approche a permis d'obtenir de manière directe et efficace des pré-ligands bidentes (R' = alkyl ou aryl), pinces à cœur NHC portant des bras divers (pyridine, thioéther, NHC ou ylure de phosphonium) ou même des architectures tétradentes de type bis-NHC-bis-phosphine. Le quatrième chapitre est consacré à des études préliminaires de chimie de coordination de ces nouveaux ligands avec des métaux de transition de première (Mn, Ni, Cu) et deuxième (Rh, Pd) ligne du tableau périodique. En particulier, il est montré que le ligand tridente phosphine-NHC-pyridine peut être coordonné au métal soit dans un mode classique de type pince pour le complexes de RhI, RhIII et NiII, soit selon un mode de coordination pontant non-conventionnel entre deux atomes métalliques connectés par une interaction métallophile (CuI) ou une liaison covalente (Mn0). Le cinquième chapitre est centré sur la synthèse d'une nouvelle famille de complexes ylure de phosphore métallasubstitué-NHC obtenus par déprotonation sélective du lien benzylidène dans des complexes incorporant des ligands bidentes R2P-C(H)Ph-NHC. Ce type de complexes, isolés en série PdII et MnI, peuvent activer facilement la liaison C-H de l'acétonitrile ou la liaison H-H du dihydrogène, respectivement, illustrant un nouveau mode de coopération métal-ligand. Ce dernier processus a été exploité en série MnI en catalyse d'hydrogénation de cétones. / This work is based on an original method for the elaboration of phosphine- N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) polydentate ligands based on the unique reactivity of methylenephosphonium manganese (I) complexes CpMn(CO)2(eta2-R2P+=C(H)Ph) with imidazole derivatives judiciously chosen. The first chapter focuses on the polydentate ligands associating a phosphine with an N-heterocyclic carbene, their variety, their methods of synthesis and their applications in the field of homogeneous catalysis. The second chapter is dedicated to the synthesis of a variety of methylenephosphonium complexes CpMn(CO)2(eta2-R2P+=C(H)Ph from cymantrene CpMn(CO)3 and secondary phosphines HPR2 carrying different groups on the phosphorus atom whose 2,5-diphenylphospholane derivative available in optically active version. Spectroscopic, structural and theoretical studies have made it possible to understand the electronic structure of methylenephosphonium complexes and to rationalize their reactivity towards nucleophiles, which turns out to be in contrast to that of free methylenephosphonium salts. The third chapter describes the preparation of a library of phosphine-C(H)Ph-imidazolium pre-ligands by nucleophilic attack of a substituted imidazole (ImR') on methylenephosphonium complexes followed by a step of demetallation of intermediate phosphine complexes CpMn(CO)2(kappa1-R2P-C(H)Ph-Im+R') by irradiation in the visible and in solution in dichloromethane. Depending on the nature of the substituent carried by the imidazole nitrogen, this approach has made it possible to directly and efficiently obtain bidentate pre-ligands (R' = alkyl or aryl), NHC core pincers carrying various arms (pyridine, thioether, NHC or phosphonium ylide) or even tetradentate architectures of bis-NHC-bis-phosphine type. The fourth chapter is devoted to preliminary studies of coordination chemistry of these new ligands with transition metals of first (Mn, Ni, Cu) and second (Rh, Pd) periodic table line. In particular, it is shown that the phosphine-NHC-pyridine trident ligand can be coordinated to the metal either in a conventional pincer mode for the RhI, RhIII and NiII complexes, or in a non-conventional bridging coordination mode between two metal atoms connected by a metallophilic interaction (CuI) or a covalent bond (Mn0). The fifth chapter focuses on the synthesis of a new family of metallasubstituted phosphorus ylide-NHC complexes obtained by selective deprotonation of the benzylidene bond in complexes incorporating R2P-C(H)Ph-NHC bidentate ligands. This type of complex, isolated in series PdII and MnI, can easily activate the C-H bond of acetonitrile or the H-H bond of dihydrogen, respectively, illustrating a new mode of metal-ligand cooperation. This last process was exploited in series MnI in catalysis of hydrogenation of ketones.

The thesis deals with the description and evaluation of the cluster analysis methodology and cluster policies as an adequate tool of growth in a region. Special emphasis is given to the work of M. Porter, which can be looked upon as a genesis of earlier research in the field and represents the current state of affairs in theoretical background and practical application. Also, the Czech republic as a case study is given a special section.

The existence of complexes of that display non-innocence has been of interest in the field of coordination chemistry since the investigations of square-planar dithiolene complexes of the late transition metals in the 1960s. The ligands used in these systems are termed “non-innocent” when bound to a number of the late transition metals, because the orbital energy levels are similar to those of the central metal ion. This allows there to be significant electron delocalisation over the complex with the potential for the complexes to exist in a number of electronic states due to the combined electrochemical activity. In 1966, Jørgensen classified innocence as ligands that “allow oxidation states of the central atoms to be defined”, thus by this logic non-innocent ligands are defined as complexes where the precise oxidation states of the ligand and metal are ambiguously assigned. However it should be noted that no ligand is inherently non-innocent, but rather the ligand may behave in a non-innocent manner under the right circumstances. The qualification of non-innocence should therefore only be applied to combinations of metal and ligand that result in the aforementioned properties. In this thesis, the term “non-innocent” will be used to define ligands that often possess non-innocent behaviour when complexed to the metal centres they are bound to. A general form of ligand that displays non-innocent behaviour is that of the 1,2-bidentate moiety with an unsaturated carbon backbone. The chelating donor groups (X) are either O, NH, S, or a combination of the three. The central transition metal is generally a late metal that favours a square-planar geometry, because the planarity of the complex is crucial for electron delocalisation within the molecule and molecular interactions in the solid material. When the metal is nickel or platinum for example, their square-planar complexes with such ligands have shown threemembered electron-transfer series. Specific examples of ligands that have been shown to display non-innocent behaviour are those of catechol (1,2-dihydroxybenzene) and 1,2-diaminobenzene, where the unsaturated backbone is provided by a phenyl group. The electronic nature of these compounds has been extensively investigated by the groups of Pierpont and Lever, with focus on their redox and magnetic properties. The combined metal and ligand redox activity results in interesting magnetic behaviour, with potential for magnetic exchange interactions between a paramagnetic metal centre and the radical ligand or between two radical ligands mediated by a diamagnetic metal centre. This research has been advanced by Wieghardt and co-workers who have performed experimental and theoretical examination of non-innocent complexes of 1,2-substituted phenyl chelates, where the donor group is a combination of O and NH. These studies have focused on the understanding the nature of the metal-ligand interactions to apply to biological systems, such as those observed at the active site of enzymes that act upon molecules with similar moieties to the non-innocent ligands. Compounds of catechol may be referred to as dioxolenes in analogy to the sulfur-based dithiolenes. The deprotonated, dianionic form of catechol is known as catecholate (cat), which can be readily oxidised to the monoanionic o-semiquinone (SQ) and neutral o-benzoquinone (Q) forms. It has been seen that catecholate compounds can be described by localised electronic states with defined oxidation states, unlike many of the dithiolene class of molecules. However these states can exist in equilibrium with each other when the metal and ligand orbitals are close in energy, with differences in the charge and spin definition in what has been described as “valence tautomerism”. Therefore, although the complexes may not be seen as non-innocent by definition that their oxidation states are not ambiguous, it is still a useful description due to the potential for easily accessible charge states. Metal dithiolene complexes, where the metal is coordinated by one or more ligands with two S-donor atoms linked by a conjugated backbone, are one of the best researched of the non-innocent class of molecules. The square-planar bis-dithiolenes of the late transition metals have interesting magnetic, optical and electrical properties arising from the delocalised nature of the constituent metal and ligand orbitals, which has enabled their use for a wide range of applications such as non-linear optics, transistors and near-infrared switches. Of particular interest is the ability to fine tune the electrical properties to fit the application by changing the substituents on the core dithiolene moiety. For example, Anthopoulos has shown that by lowering the energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), stable n-channel conductivity can be observed in field-effect transistors (FETs). Materials based on square-planar non-innocent complexes have been tested in FETs, and been seen to display field-effect mobilities as high as 10˗2 cm2 V˗1 s˗1 as with Ni bis(o-diiminobenzo-semiquinonate) complexes. Most of these molecules are based on conjugated, chelating ligands such as 1,2-diaminobenzene and the dithiolene class of molecules. Field-effects have also been observed in square-planar Pt complexes, where the conductivity is thought to arise from beneficial Pt-Pt bonds in addition to the π-stacking between molecules. Despite the similarity to the diaminobenzene and dithiolene counterpart, there are no reports of catechol-based materials displaying field-effect properties in the literature. Catechol compounds are well-researched in the field of biological chemistry due to the prevalence of the catechol moiety and enzymes with which it interacts in nature. However they have not been examined far beyond their simple coordination chemistry or chemical characterisation.

This thesis involves the design, synthesis and testing of organic hydrophobic ligands. They would act as co-collectors in froth flotation processes to enhance the recovery of sulfidic minerals which have undergone some oxidation on processing and are not efficiently collected by the commercial reagents used in froth flotation. Strong and selective binding to iron(III) oxide/hydroxide surfaces, e.g. goethite, over unwanted silicaceous material was considered essential criteria for such new cocollectors. A general overview of froth flotation processes is given in Chapter 1 as well as a description of the analytical techniques used in this thesis and the features that the ligands must have to act as co-collectors. On the basis of the strong binding to iron(III) surfaces of the organic ligand Irgacor 419®, used commercially as a corrosion inhibitor for iron, this compound was studied as a potential co-collector. Adsorption isotherms were determined by UV-Vis spectroscopy for two carboxylic acids that may also bind strongly to goethite, the results of which are discussed in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 involves the measurement of the strength of binding of one the most widely used type of collectors for sulfide ores, potassium ethyl xanthate. Complications in the analysis of materials in solution by both ICP-OES and UV-Vis spectroscopy arose due to the instability of potassium ethyl xanthate in solution, making determination and interpretation of isotherms difficult. The determination of adsorption isotherms for 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, which showed weak binding to goethite as well as to silica, and the mode of binding of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole on copper(I) surfaces is reported in Chapter 4. A crystal structure was obtained in which four units of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole bridge two nickel atoms through the nitrogen atom and the exocyclic sulfur and is considered as a model for binding to sulfidic minerals. Chapter 5 looks at the strength of binding to goethite and silica of various hydroxamic acids. Benzohydroxamic acid was initially selected for study since hydroxamates are known to act as collectors for oxidized materials. Unpredictably, benzohydroxamic acid showed strong binding to a goethite surface and did not release any iron from the surface into solution, which would have been predicted due to its known strong chelating abilities to iron(III). The X-ray structure determination of the first example of a dinuclear Fe(III) hydroxamate complex showed this to have -oxo bridge formed by the hydroxamate unit and supports multisite attachment between this ligand and the surface, as suggested by adsoption isotherms. Simple models based on this dinucleating motif provide plausible modes of multisite attachment to a goethite surface. Competitive binding studies provided a way of ranking the ability to bind to goethite of acetohydroxamic acid, which was not suitable for analyses by either ICP-OES or UV-Vis spectroscopy. Of the ligands studied in this chapter acetohydroxamic acid was found to bind most strongly to goethite followed by benzohydroxamic acid. In Chapter 6, the attachment to goethite and silica of a series of phosphonic acids is investigated. All show a very high binding strength to goethite. Froth flotation experiments at a laboratory scale are described in Chapter 7. The types of ligand that showed strong binding to goethite in adsorption isotherms experiments were tested as co-collectors in different ores and conditions. There is not a simple correlation between adsorption isotherm data and flotation performance as co-collectors because other factors, besides strength of binding, affect the system. Benzohydroxamic acid was the ligand that increased the grade/recovery of the process in all the cases studied. Irgacor 419® enhances the grade/recovery curve for Palabora ore and phenyl malonic acid for Kennecott ore. These results support the original proposition that it may be possible to increase the recovery of oxidized particles substantially by using a blend of collectors which includes a compound to target the oxidized sites.

Typescript (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

For the last 100 years, poor motor coordination in children has been recognized as a developmental problem. As early as 1937, these children were classified as “clumsy.” Since then, other terms such as “motorically awkward,” “motor impaired,” and “physically awkward” have been used to describe these children, and the terms “developmental apraxia” and “perceptual motor difficulties” have been used to characterize this developmental problem. Since the 1994 International Consensus Conference on Children and Clumsiness, the term “developmental coordination disorder” (DCD) has been used to describe the condition of children with motor incoordination.

A deficiency of care coordination and delayed discharge planning has contributed to increased lengths of stay for telemetry patients and has pressed staff to discharge patients expeditiously, potentially leading to increased 30-day readmissions. Rushing the discharge process on the day of discharge has resulted in breakdowns in communication and lack of collaboration amongst the health care team of this study, contributing to extended lengths of stay, increased readmissions, and low Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAPHS) scores. This project highlighted a patient-centered care coordination team approach with 2 clinical registered nurses and a social worker who coordinated the discharge plan with the patients on admission. Discharge planning on admission and daily briefings involving care coordination and bedside staff reduced the length of stay, improved HCAPHS scores, and reduced 30-day readmissions by fostering better communication and collaboration. A 1-group pretest and posttest were utilized to compare data before care coordination and after care coordination. These findings yielded a length of stay reduction of 2.04 days, a 50% reduction in 30-day readmissions, and HCAPHS communication composite scores above the 50th percentile. The care coordination team exposed various programs and community resources that assisted with medications and durable medical equipment and suggested that companionship alleviated potential anxiety post discharge for those financially and socially burdened. The implications of a patient-centered team-based approach to discharge planning on admission eliminated barriers to discharge, improved patient knowledge of disease management, and provided a positive hospital experience.