Discrete electrolytic lesions were placed in the mesencephalic dorsal noradrenergic (DNE) bundle of 22 male Sprague-Dawley rats, and sham operations were performed on 14 control animals. Eight components of copulatory behavior were compared in 2 preoperative and 2 postoperative heterosexual mating tests. A significant postlesion decrease in the postejaculatory interval (PEI), number of intromissions, number of incomplete mounts and the ejaculation latency from the first intromission (ELI) occurred. Norepinephrine levels were significantly reduced in the hippocampus, amygdala and hypothalamus, but not in the preoptic area. The only statistically significant correlations between NE concentrations and behavior in the lesioned animals were negative (hippocampal NE with PEI and ELI). The results support the hypothesis that rostral midbrain lesions disinhibit some components of male rodent copulatory behavior, but suggest that a system or systems other than the DNE bundle may be responsible for this disinhibition.

Adaptive reproductive behavior requires the ability to recognize and approach possible mating partners in the environment. Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) provide a useful animal model by which to study the neural processing of sexual signals, as mate recognition in this species relies almost exclusively on the perception of social odors. In the laboratory, male hamsters prefer to investigate female odors compared to male odors, and this opposite-sex odor preference provides a sensitive measure of the underlying neural processing of sexual stimuli. In addition to chemosensory cues, reproductive behavior in hamsters also requires sufficient levels of circulating gonadal steroid hormones, which reflect the reproductive state of the animal. These chemosensory and hormone signals are processed within an interconnected network of ventral forebrain nuclei, and within this network, the posteromedial cortical amygdala (PMCo) and medial amygdala (MA) are the only nuclei that both receive substantial chemosensory input and are also highly sensitive to steroid hormones. Although a large body of evidence suggests that the MA is critical for generating attraction to sexual odors, the specific role of the PMCo in regulating odor-guided aspects of male reproductive behavior has never been directly tested. Furthermore, detailed analyses of the MA suggest that separate, but interconnected sub-regions within this nucleus process odors differently. Specifically, the anterior MA (MeA) receives the majority of chemosensory input and responds to a variety of social odors, whereas the posterodorsal MA (MePD) receives less chemosensory input but contains the vast majority of steroid receptors. In order to further elucidate how the PMCo and/or MA process sexual odors, this dissertation addressed the following research questions: (1) Is the PMCo required for the expression of either opposite-sex odor preferences or male copulatory behavior? (2) Are functional interactions between MeA and MePD required for the expression of opposite-sex odor preferences? (3) How do MeA and MePD regulate odor responses within the MePD and MeA, respectively? (4) Are odor and/or hormone cues conveyed directly between MeA and MePD? Together, these experiments provide a comprehensive analysis of the functional and neuroanatomical substrates by which the brain processes sexual odors and generates appropriate behavioral responses to these stimuli.

La période périnatale est une période sensible pendant laquelle la neurophysiologie et neurocircuiterie à l’origine de nombreux comportements, notamment sexuels, se mettent en place. La gestation et la lactation sont également des périodes critiques pour les femelles qui subissent de grands remaniements physiologiques, permettant la mise en place des comportements maternels nécessaires à la survie de la descendance. Les modifications ayant lieu pendant la gestation et la lactation vont être sensibles à de nombreux facteurs, comme le stress ou l’environnement chimique, dont les perturbateurs endocriniens. L’objectif de ma thèse a été de caractériser les conséquences d’une exposition périnatale lors de la gestation et la lactation au glyphosate, herbicide très largement utilisé à travers le monde. L’exposition maternelle pendant la gestation et la lactation à une faible dose (5mg/kg pc/j soit 1/10ème de la NOAEL) a permis de mettre en évidence pour la première fois une altération des comportements maternels, de la neurogénèse hippocampale et du gyrus cingulaire, et de la plasticité synaptique par la molécule active seule mais également en formulation. Cette exposition induit également une dysbiose intestinale chez les mères. Chez la descendance, nous avons mis en évidence une hypoactivité induite chez le mâle suite au traitement de la mère par le glyphosate seul. Dans une moindre mesure, nous avons également montré une altération des comportements sexuels et de préférence olfactive des mâles exposés au glyphosate. Aucune altération de la neuroplasticité hippocampale des mâles n’a pu être observée dans nos conditions expérimentales. Chez la descendance femelle, les comportements sexuels et locomoteurs, ainsi que la neuroplasticité ne sont pas modifiés par l’exposition maternelle. L’ensemble des résultats obtenus nous a permis de mettre en évidence pour la première fois une vulnérabilité de la neurophysiologie, des comportements maternels et du microbiome suite à l’exposition à de faibles doses de glyphosate seul ou en formulation. De manière intéressante, seules les mères et la descendance mâle sont impactées au niveau comportemental. Nos résultats ont également mis en évidence pour la première fois une absence d’effets sur le comportement sexuel chez la descendance femelle. Enfin nos travaux sont les premiers à montrer des effets différentiels du glyphosate seul et de la formulation chez les mammifères. / Perinatal period is sensitive for offspring as neurophysiology and circuitry underlying behaviors take place. This period includes formation of the sexual behavior circuitry. Perinatal period is also essential for pregnant or lactating females. Indeed, females undergo major physiological changes involved in maternal behaviors. Perinatal modifications are altered by several parameters like stress or chemicals, including endocrine disruptors. The aim of my thesis was to characterize the outcomes of a perinatal exposure to glyphosate, a widely use herbicide across the world. Maternal exposure during pregnancy and lactation to a low dose of glyphosate (5mg/kg bw/d corresponding to 1/10th of the NOAEL) highlighted that maternal behavior, hippocampal neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity were altered by glyphosate alone and in formulation. Maternal exposure also induced gut dysbiosis on the dams. We showed that glyphosate alone induced hypoactivity on males offspring. To a lesser extent, males sexual behavior and olfactory preference were altered after glyphosate exposure. There was no effect on hippocampal plasticity on males. Sexual behavior, locomotor activity and neuroplasticity were not impacted in female offspring after maternal exposure. Together, these results highlight for the first time effects on neurophysiology, maternal behaviors and maternal gut microbiota after low doses exposure of glyphosate alone or in formulation. Interestingly, only males offspring had behavioral outcomes. Our study was the first to investigated sexual behavior of female offspring and showed no effect of glyphosate on this parameter. Finally, our work is the first that showed differential effect between active compound and formulation in mammals.