<p>Transcription initiation is a key component in the regulation of gene expression. Recent high-throughput sequencing techniques have enhanced our understanding of mammalian transcription by revealing narrow and broad patterns of transcription start sites (TSSs). Transcription initiation is central to the determination of condition specificity, as distinct repertoires of transcription factors (TFs) that assist in the recruitment of the RNA polymerase II to the DNA are present under different conditions. However, our understanding of the presence and spatiotemporal architecture of the promoter patterns in the fruit fly remains in its infancy. Nucleosome organization and transcription initiation have been considered hallmarks of gene expression, but their cooperative regulation is also not yet understood.</p> <p>In this work, we applied a hierarchical clustering strategy on available 5' expressed sequence tags (ESTs), and developed an improved paired-end sequencing strategy to explore the transcription initiation landscape of the D.melanogaster genome. We distinguished three initiation patterns: 'Peaked or Narrow Peak TSSs&#8219;, 'Broad Peak TSSs&#8219;, and 'Broad TSS cluster groups or Weak Peak TSSs&#8219;. The promoters of peaked TSSs contained the location specific sequence elements, and were bound by TATA Binding Protein (TBP), while the promoters of broad TSS cluster groups were associated with non-location-specific elements, and were bound by the TATA-box related Factor 2 (TRF2).</p> <p>Available ESTs and a tiling array time series enabled us to show that TSSs had distinct associations to conditions, and temporal patterns of embryonic activity differed across the majority of alternative promoters. Peaked promoters had an association to maternally inherited transcripts, and broad TSS cluster group promoters were more highly associated to zygotic utilization. The paired-end sequencing strategy identified a large number of 5' capped transcripts originating from coding exons that were unlikely the result of alternative TSSs, but rather the product of post-transcriptional modifications.</p> <p>We applied an innovative search program called FREE to embryo, head, and testes specific core promoter sequences and identified 123 motifs: 16 novel and 107 supported by other motif sources. Motifs in the embryo specific core promoters were found at location hotspots from the TSS. A family of oligos was discovered that matched the Pause Button motif that is associated with RNA pol II stalling.</p> <p>Lastly, we analyzed nucleosome organization, chromatin structure, and insulators across the three promoter patterns in the fruit fly and human genomes. The WP promoters showed higher associations with H2A.Z, DNase Hypersensitivity Sites (DHS), H3K4 methylations, and Class I insulators CTCF/BEAF32/CP190. Conversely, NP promoters had higher associations with polII and GAF binding. BP promoters exhibited a combination of features from both promoter patterns. Our study provides a comprehensive map of initiation sites and the conditions under which they are utilized in D. melanogaster. The presence of promoter specific histone replacements, chromatin modifications, and insulator elements support the existence of two divergent strategies of transcriptional regulation in higher eukaryotes. Together, these data illustrate the complex regulatory code of transcription initiation.</p> / Dissertation

No description available.

O Brasil tem a maior produção de cana-de-açúcar do mundo. O cultivo de cana-de-açúcar no Brasil está voltado principalmente para a produção de açúcar ou Etanol e nos últimos anos para a produção de bioeletricidade através da utilização da biomassa do bagaço e da palha. Apesar da importância econômica e do potencial sustentável que a cana-de-açúcar apresenta, o genoma de referência para esta cultura ainda não está disponível na literatura. A principal justificativa para isso está na complexidade do mesmo, em especial pela alopoliploidia e autopoliploidia. De fato esta característica é a principal barreira para o desenvolvimento de novas variedades comerciais. Na literatura há diferentes estratégias que visam contribuir com o conhecimento genômico de cana-de-açúcar sendo mais prevalente dados de transcriptoma e pouca informação sobre o processo de regulação gênica. Além disso, diferente do que é observado em outras culturas comerciais, em cana-de-açúcar não há trabalhos associados com a caracterização in silico da região Promotora, assim como na identificação de sítios de ligação para Fatores de Transcrição (TFBSs). Por esta razão, o nosso trabalho foi direcionado para a caracterização in silico de regiões regulatórias em cana-de-açúcar. Para esta tarefa nós realizamos apenas a rotulação de sequências de DNA não codificante que estavam a upstream de cada gene anotado em cana-de-açúcar. Todos os genes foram selecionados de dados de transcriptoma e a sequência de DNA da região Promotora foi isolada do Genespace de cana-de-açúcar SP80-3280 gerado pelo projeto de sequenciamento do genoma de referência do nosso grupo. A rotulação da região regulatória em cana-de-açúcar foi executada em duas subsequências: Core Promoter e Promotor Proximal. Na região Core Promoter nós realizamos a identificação do sítio de inicio de transcrição (TSS), a estimativa do tamanho da região 5\' UTR e a classificação da região Core Promoter em TATA-box ou TATA-less. Todos os processos foram realizados através da ferramenta TSSPlant. A utilização da ferramenta TSSPlant motivou o desenvolvimento de uma nova ferramenta para predição do sinal de TSS que aqui chamamos de TSSFinder. A ferramenta TSSinder apresentou resultados de predição do sinal de TSS superior aos seus pares, além disso esta ferramenta foi bem sucedida em diferentes organismos como Arabidopsis thaliana, Gallus gallus e Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Na região Promotora Proximal nós realizamos a identificação de TFBSs através de duas metodologias: predição de novo e mapeamento de matrizes de TFBS (PSSM). O processo de predição de novo foi realizada por meio de dois modelos: Maximização da expectativa e Gibbs Sampler e esse processo foi executado apenas para o subgrupo de genes co-expressos ou apenas para o conjunto de sequências homeólogas de cada gene de cana-de-açúcar selecionado. Para o restante das sequências foi realizado apenas o mapeamento das matrizes de TFBSs identificadas durante o processo de predição de novo. Em paralelo todos TFBSs identificados no nosso trabalho foram comparados com o banco de TFBS para plantas. Através desse procedimento foi possível estimar qual classe de Fator de Transcrição está interagindo com o TFBS identificado na região Promotora Proximal dos genes Scdr1, ScSuSy, ScPAL. Com este trabalho, nós cobrimos parte da lacuna observada em estudos in silico paras regiões regulatórias de cana-de-açúcar. Além disso, nós aperfeiçoamos o processo de identificação do sinal de TSS para diferentes organismos; inclusive para plantas Dicotiledôneas e Monocotiledôneas. / Brazil has the highest production of sugarcane in the world. Its cultivation in Brazil is aimed at producing of sugar or ethanol and in recent years, biomass for bioenergy from bagasse and straw. Despite the economic importance and the sustainable potential that sugarcane presents, a reference genome for this crop is not yet available in the literature. One justification for this absence lies in the sugarcane genome complexity, allopolyploidy and autopolyploidy. In fact these characteristics are the main barrier for the development of new commercial varieties. In the literature different strategies aimed at contributing to genomic sugarcane mostly on the transcriptome and little information on the process of gene regulation. Furthermore, unlike other commercial crops, sugarcane has no reported in silico characterization of its promoter regions and identification of Transcription Factor binding sites. For this reason, our work was directed to an in silico characterization of regulatory regions in sugarcane. For this task we performed the labeling of non-coding DNA sequences that were upstream of each gene annotated in sugarcane. All genes were using from transcriptome data and the promoter region DNA sequence was isolated from Genespace of the SP80-3280 reference genome obtained of our group. The labeling of the regulatory region in sugarcane was carried out in two subsections: Core Promoter and Proximal Promoter. In the Core Promoter region we performed the identification of the TSS signal, the estimation of the size of the 5\' UTR region and the classification of the Core Promoter region in TATA-box or TATA-less. All processes were performed using the TSSPlant tool. The use of the TSSPlant tool motivated the development of a new tool to predict the TSS signal that we call TSSFinder. The TSSinder tool presented TSS signal prediction results superior to its peers, moreover this tool was successful in different organisms - Arabidopsis thaliana, Gallus gallus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In the Proximal Promoter region we performed the identification of TFBSs through two methodologies: de novo prediction and mapping of TFBS matrices (PSSM). The de novo prediction process was performed using two models: Expectancy Maximization and Gibbs Sampler and this process was performed only for subgroups of coexpressed genes or only for the set of homeologues sequences from each sugarcane gene. For the rest of the sequences only the mapping of the matrices of TFBSs identified during the de novo prediction process was conducted. In parallel all TFBSs identified in our work were compared with the TFBS database for plants. Through this procedure it was estimated which class of Transcription Factor is interacting with the TFBS identified in the Proximal Promoter region of the Scdr1, ScSuSy, ScPAL genes.With this work, we cover part of the gap observed in in silico studies for the regulatory region of sugarcane. In addition, we improved the process of identification the TSS signal for different organisms including dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants.

Κατά τη διάρκεια της τελευταίας δεκαετίας παρατηρείται ένα προοδευτικώς αυξανόμενο ενδιαφέρον για την διερεύνηση της ύπαρξης ή μη συσχέτισης, ανάμεσα στην γενετική ποικιλομορφία της περιοχής του πυρηνικού υποκινητή (Core Promoter, CP, 1700-1849), της προπυρηνικής περιοχής (Precore, PC, 1814-1901) και της περιοχής του κυρίως πυρηνικού αντιγόνου (Core, 1901-2450) του ιού της Ηπατίτιδας Β, τόσο σε νουκλεοτιδικό όσο και σε πρωτεϊνικό επίπεδο, και στην κλινική εικόνα της Οξείας ή Χρόνιας Ηπατίτιδας Β, την πιθανότητα εξέλιξης και το ρυθμό εξέλιξης της χρόνιας HBV λοίμωξης σε Χρόνια Ενεργό Ηπατίτιδα, Κίρρωση του Ήπατος και Ηπατοκυτταρικό Καρκίνωμα (ΗΚΚ). Στόχοι Έρευνας: Λαμβάνοντας υπόψη όλες τις προηγουμένως δημοσιευθείσες εργασίες και δεδομένης της ολοένα και αυξανόμενης σημασίας που αποκτά η γενετική ποικιλομορφία της περιοχής του πυρηνικού αντιγόνου στην εξέλιξη της χρόνιας HBV λοίμωξης, προχωρήσαμε σε ανάλυση της γονιδιακής αλληλουχίας των περιοχών του κυρίως πυρηνικού υποκινητή , και της προπυρηνικής περιοχής καθώς και σε ανάλυση της γονιδιακής και πρωτεϊνικής αλληλουχίας του πυρηνικού αντιγόνου σε στελέχη του ιού που απομονώθηκαν από 23 Χρόνιους Ασυμπτωματικούς Φορείς (ΧΑΦ) του ιού HBV, χρησιμοποιώντας ως μάρτυρες (controls) στελέχη του ιού που απομονώθηκαν από 4 ασθενείς με Χρόνια Ενεργό Ηπατίτιδα Β (ΧΕΗΒ) προ της ενάρξεως οποιασδήποτε θεραπευτικής αγωγής και κλωνοποιήθηκαν. Οι στόχοι της παρούσας έρευνας συνοψίζονται ως εξής: α) Να καταγράψουμε το σύνολο των μεταλλάξεων στις υπό μελέτη περιοχές και το σύνολο των αμινοξικών αντικαταστάσεων στο πυρηνικό αντιγόνο χωρίς να εστιάσουμε μόνο σε 3-4 μεταλλάξεις οι οποίες αποτέλεσαν μεμονωμένο αντικείμενο μελέτης στην συντριπτική πλειονότητα των έως τώρα δημοσιευμένων ερευνών, β) Να εξακριβώσουμε την συχνότητα εμφάνισης κάθε μετάλλαξης και πως αυτή διαφοροποιείται ανάλογα με την κλινική κατάσταση και το ορολογικό προφίλ των ασθενών, τον γονότυπο, και τον υπότυπο του ιού, γ) να προτείνουμε ένα ακριβές προφίλ μεταλλάξεων και αμινοξικών αντικαταστάσεων που χαρακτηρίζει τους ΧΑΦ και να δείξουμε πως αυτό διαφοροποιείται στους ασθενείς με ΧΕΗΒ, δ) Να ερευνήσουμε την ποσοτική αλλά και ποιοτική επίπτωση των διαπιστούμενων, στην κωδικοποιούσα το πυρηνικό αντιγόνο αλληλουχία, νουκλεοτιδικών αλλαγών επί της αμινοξικής αλληλουχίας του πυρηνικού αντιγόνου, και πως αυτή επηρεάζει την σύσταση των αντιστοίχων επί του πυρηνικού αντιγόνου αντιγονικών επίτοπων, ε) Να προτείνουμε νέες τεχνικές απομόνωσης ιικού DNA και πολυμερισμού τμημάτων του ιικού γονιδιώματος σε ασθενείς με πολύ χαμηλά επίπεδα ιαιμίας, όπως οι ΧΑΦ, στ) Να επιβεβαιώσουμε ή να αντικρούσουμε τα δεδομένα της διεθνούς βιβλιογραφίας, που αφορούν στην συχνότητα εμφάνισης μεταλλάξεων και την εντόπιση τους στις υπό μελέτη περιοχές, την διαφοροποίηση αυτών μεταξύ διαφορετικών κατηγοριών ασθενών, διαφορετικών γονότυπων και διαφορετικών υπότυπων του αυτού γονότυπου του ιού. / Infection with HBV may lead to a wide spectrum of liver disease that ranges, in acute infection from mild self-limited to fulminant hepatitis, and in persistent infection from an ASC state to severe chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and HCC. Several host factors are important in determining outcome, including age at infection, immune competence and MHC haplotype. Viral factors may also play an important role. Over the past decade, there has been considerable interest in whether certain genetic variants of HBV are associated with increased pathogenicity, such as the development of acute liver failure and progression of persistent infections to Chronic Active Hepatitis B, Liver Cirrhosis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Aims We proceeded to the sequencing of the entire CP, PC and Core regions of the HBV genome and the analysis of the Molecular variation in them in HBV isolates derived from 23 ASCs and 4 patients with CHB. 17 ASCs were Greeks (genotype D [ayw3]) and 6 were Chinese (Genotype C [ayr]) while all CHB patients were Greeks (though 3 of Genotype D ayw3 and 1 of Genotype D ayr). Our ultimate aims were the identification of all nucleotide and amino acid substitutions within the aforementioned regions and Core protein, respectively, and the demonstration of the differential presentation, distribution and frequency patterns of these substitutions and their respective combinations, in terms of clinical, virological and immunological characteristics of the patients.

Understanding the mechanisms of transcriptional regulation and the constraints that operate in gene promoter sequences is the key step in understanding the evolutionary conservation of transcriptional regulation. It is well known that regulatory regions with the same expression outputs do not have to share the sequence similarity. The most important elements in regulatory sequences are transcription factor binding sites and their position relocation does not usually influence the expression output. The least complex transcriptional regulation is characteristic for housekeeping genes. For their expression they require only basal core promoter elements (sometimes only CpG islands are sufficient) and general transcription factors, so they can be transcribed easily and immediately whenever they are needed. In this study we focused on transcriptional regulation of invertebrate amphioxus (Branchiostoma floridae) housekeeping genes in vertebrate systems. We prepared a set of constructs with amphioxus regulatory regions for testing their activity in different mammalian cell lines and a set of constructs with the same amphioxus regulatory regions for observing their spatial recognition in developing medaka fish embryo. We found that half of investigated amphioxus regulatory regions are recognized by...