Abstract: Hydrogen can be a renewable energy source to replace conventional fossil fuels. Compared to current hydrogen production processes by consuming fossil fuels, biological hydrogen production has the advantage of being environmentally friendly because of the use of renewable and low value biological materials. Some hyperthermophiles, such as Thermotoga species, are capable of producing hydrogen during growth. In this study, Thermotoga maritima, Thermotoga neapolitana DSM 4359 and DSM 5068, were used to investigate their potential in converting selected sugars (glucose and xylose) and complex carbon sources (cellulose, starch, xylan and agricultural residues, such as barley straw, corn stover, soybean straw, wheat straw and corn husk) to hydrogen. In addition, factors which influenced growth and hydrogen production were studied, and optimal conditions for hydrogen production were obtained. All three Thermotoga species could grow in the presence of mono sugars (glucose, xylose) and complex carbohydrates (starch, xylan, milled corn husk). They all could produce hydrogen in the presence of micro-molar level of oxygen without addition of any reducing agents in the growth medium. Compared to the slight inhibition caused by L-lactate accumulation during the growth, gradual pH decreases were the main reasons to inhibit both growth and hydrogen production of T. neapolitana species. Increasing the initial pH of the growth medium to 8.5 and stabilizing the pH by 50 mM Triz buffer resulted in higher growth and hydrogen production of T. neapolitana strains. Adjusting the medium pH at early stationary phase also increased the hydrogen production, and fewer enhancements to the growth. The pH control methods also resulted in higher conversion efficiency (converting glucose to H2) of T. neapolitana strains from 2.2 to 3.6 (H2/glucose), which was approximately 90% of the theoretical efficiency (4 moles H2 produced from 1 mole glucose). The expression of hydrogenases of T. neapolitana strains could also be increased by the pH control methods. Thermotoga species could grow and produce hydrogen using agricultural residues, such as corn husk, achieving 60% growth and hydrogen production as compared to that iii from glucose. With pH control methods, hydrogen production by T. neapolitana strains from corn husk was higher than that from glucose without pH control. These results indicated that the pH was the main factor to affect both hydrogen production and growth of T. neapolitana species, and optimal conditions for hydrogen production could be achieved by using pH control methods. Selected agricultural residues could be utilized for biological hydrogen production by Thermotoga species with minimum pre-treatment, and the pH control methods could result in a higher hydrogen production compared to that from glucose. Further studies on the continuous growth and hydrogenases of Thermotoga species are needed for better understanding of the hydrogen production mechanisms.

Esta Dissertação discorre sobre a pesquisa de caracterização de palha de milho e a sua utilização como matéria prima para a obtenção de nanocelulose. Segundo o IBGE, este resíduo agrícola foi produzido no Brasil, no ano de 2013, em cerca de seis milhões de toneladas. As amostras deste resíduo lignocelulósico utilizadas neste trabalho foram coletadas na forma cotidiana de descarte mais frequentemente encontrada em supermercados e feiras livres. Procedeu-se, então, ao beneficiamento mecânico, beneficiamento químico (mercerização e branqueamento) e hidrólise ácida dessas amostras, o que produziu os seguintes materiais: palha de milho beneficiada mecanicamente, palha de milho beneficiada quimicamente e nanocelulose. Cada um destes materiais foi caracterizado, conforme o tipo, por menos ou mais dos seguintes ensaios: determinação de densidade, determinação de umidade, determinação do teor de cinzas, resistência à tração, determinação do teor de extraíveis, determinação do teor de holocelulose, determinação do teor de hemicelulose, determinação do teor de alfacelulose, determinação do teor de lignina, análise termogravimétrica (TGA), espectroscopia por infravermelho por transformada de Fourier (FTIR), índice de cristalinidade por difração de raios-x (CrI), medição do tamanho de partícula por espalhamento de luz dinâmico (DLS), morfologia por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (SEM) e determinação do rendimento dos produtos de hidrólise. Nesta pesquisa também se estudou, empregando a técnica de planejamento de experimento fatorial com ponto central, a influência dos fatores razão fibra/ácido e tempo da reação na obtenção da nanocelulose, conseguida com êxito em todos os experimentos executados com a palha de milho que foi branqueada de forma efetiva neste trabalho / The present research focuses on the characterization of corn husks and its use as a raw-material for the cellulose Nanowhiskers production. According to the IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics), in 2013 about six million tons of this agricultural waste were produced in Brazil. The samples from this lignocellulosic waste used in this research were collected in the most usual form of discard found in supermarkets and street markets. After that, the mechanical processing, chemical processing (mercerization and bleaching) and acid hydrolysis of these samples were carried out, yielding the following materials: mechanically processed corn husk, chemically processed corn husk and cellulose nanowhiskers. Each one of these materials, according to the type, was characterized by the following standardized tests (some by fewer, others by almost all of the tests): density; moisture; ash; mechanical property; extractible, hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin contents; thermal behavior by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), crystallinity index (CrI) by X-ray diffraction (XRD), distribution of particle size by dynamic light scanning (DLS); morphology by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and determination of the yield of the hydrolysis products. The influence of the factors fiber/acid ratio and reaction time in the production of cellulose nanowhiskers was also studied in this research, using the factorial experiment design. The obtention of cellulose nanowhiskers was successfully achieved in all experiments performed with corn husk that was bleached effectively in this work

Esta Dissertação discorre sobre a pesquisa de caracterização de palha de milho e a sua utilização como matéria prima para a obtenção de nanocelulose. Segundo o IBGE, este resíduo agrícola foi produzido no Brasil, no ano de 2013, em cerca de seis milhões de toneladas. As amostras deste resíduo lignocelulósico utilizadas neste trabalho foram coletadas na forma cotidiana de descarte mais frequentemente encontrada em supermercados e feiras livres. Procedeu-se, então, ao beneficiamento mecânico, beneficiamento químico (mercerização e branqueamento) e hidrólise ácida dessas amostras, o que produziu os seguintes materiais: palha de milho beneficiada mecanicamente, palha de milho beneficiada quimicamente e nanocelulose. Cada um destes materiais foi caracterizado, conforme o tipo, por menos ou mais dos seguintes ensaios: determinação de densidade, determinação de umidade, determinação do teor de cinzas, resistência à tração, determinação do teor de extraíveis, determinação do teor de holocelulose, determinação do teor de hemicelulose, determinação do teor de alfacelulose, determinação do teor de lignina, análise termogravimétrica (TGA), espectroscopia por infravermelho por transformada de Fourier (FTIR), índice de cristalinidade por difração de raios-x (CrI), medição do tamanho de partícula por espalhamento de luz dinâmico (DLS), morfologia por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (SEM) e determinação do rendimento dos produtos de hidrólise. Nesta pesquisa também se estudou, empregando a técnica de planejamento de experimento fatorial com ponto central, a influência dos fatores razão fibra/ácido e tempo da reação na obtenção da nanocelulose, conseguida com êxito em todos os experimentos executados com a palha de milho que foi branqueada de forma efetiva neste trabalho / The present research focuses on the characterization of corn husks and its use as a raw-material for the cellulose Nanowhiskers production. According to the IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics), in 2013 about six million tons of this agricultural waste were produced in Brazil. The samples from this lignocellulosic waste used in this research were collected in the most usual form of discard found in supermarkets and street markets. After that, the mechanical processing, chemical processing (mercerization and bleaching) and acid hydrolysis of these samples were carried out, yielding the following materials: mechanically processed corn husk, chemically processed corn husk and cellulose nanowhiskers. Each one of these materials, according to the type, was characterized by the following standardized tests (some by fewer, others by almost all of the tests): density; moisture; ash; mechanical property; extractible, hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin contents; thermal behavior by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), crystallinity index (CrI) by X-ray diffraction (XRD), distribution of particle size by dynamic light scanning (DLS); morphology by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and determination of the yield of the hydrolysis products. The influence of the factors fiber/acid ratio and reaction time in the production of cellulose nanowhiskers was also studied in this research, using the factorial experiment design. The obtention of cellulose nanowhiskers was successfully achieved in all experiments performed with corn husk that was bleached effectively in this work