Thesis (M.Sc.)--York University, 2004. Graduate Programme in Geography. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 196-210). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url%5Fver=Z39.88-2004&res%5Fdat=xri:pqdiss &rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:MR11810

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The low ambient air temperatures, together with the low annual rainfall and complete lack of vegetation in the Canadian High Arctic, results in a breakdown of the carbonate rock material by mechanical means. The importance of chemical decomposition, soil formation and transport of ionic material in solution is negligible, when compared with the role played by these same processes in more temperate climates. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate certain aspects of the alkali, alkaline earth and heavy metal geochemistry of selected components of the weathering cycle. The discussion will deal with concentration levels of these parameters in stream waters and, to a lesser extent, soils and stream sediments. Analytical results show that element distributions in the streams resemble those of more temperate carbonate terrains. However, the solute levels are, in general, lower, indicating that a greater proportion of the metals is travelling in colloidal form and/or adsorbed to siltsized material carried by the streams. These findings confirm the belief that chemical weathering and transport in solution are of little importance in the area studied. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

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Many historians of the American Revolution fail to accurately assess the impact British supporters in the Thirteen Colonies had on the military dimension of the war. The Crown's American allies, commonly referred to as Loyalists, were instrumental in British operations throughout the conflict, especially in the southern colonies. Reports from the royal governors of the southern colonies numbered the Loyalists in the thousands. British officials in London developed a plan to Americanize the war by utilizing Loyalists more comprehensively, lessening the burden for more British troops. The first steps toward Americanizing the war occurred when General Sir Henry Clinton and Lieutenant General Charles, Second Earl, Cornwallis incorporated southern Loyalists with their British troops to reconquer the southern colonies in 1780. After the British conquest of Charleston, South Carolina in June 1780, Lieutenant General Cornwallis was awarded the independent command of the British forces in the South and was additionally charged with rallying and protecting the Loyalists in North and South Carolina. Cornwallis consistently tried to organize the Loyalists into militia corps to combat Rebel partisans operating in the Carolina backcountry, The constant failure of the Loyalist militia persuaded Cornwallis of their inability to sustain themselves. As a result, Cornwallis abandoned the southern colonies, as well as the Crown's loyal subjects, in favor of offensive operations in Virginia. His aim was to prevent the Rebel southern army from receiving supplies and recruits. Many slaves joined Cornwallis' army in Virginia and persuaded him to utilize them to replace the services provided by southern white Loyalists. These failed decisions contributed to Cornwallis' humiliating defeat at Yorktown in October 1781, effectively ending the military dimension of the American Revolution. / History

This thesis provides a full-length critical treatment of the Essayes (1600-01) of Sir William Cornwallis (c.1579-1614). Cornwallis' Essayes are the first examples of the ‘familiar’ essay in English: to which the rhetorical shaping of persona and the use of the personal voice are central. This is the first such study of Cornwallis since the first half of the twentieth century, and situates his Essayes within their cultural, social, and material contexts. The thesis draws upon previous work on Cornwallis and his Essayes from the 1930s and 1940s, but also on recent developments in early-modern English studies, especially in the fields of the history of rhetoric and the history of reading. The thesis challenges the assumptions behind two major critical approaches to the early-modern essay: firstly that it is a form in which the personal voice can be unambiguously expressed, and secondly that it is an essentially unoriginal genre which is more closely related to reading than to writing. This thesis qualifies these approaches, while demonstrating that the origins of each are found in the rhetorical practices of early English essays. This thesis argues however that Cornwallis’s essays are elaborate fusions of classical commonplaces, humanistic rhetoric, and ethical theories of how to live, resulting from complex interactions between different strands of humanistic educative practices, and that Cornwallis’s use of the personal voice is shaped by ethically-inflected rhetorical theories of affect and imitation. The thesis further attempts to think about how essays were being read in this period, and to do so offers a study of the material traces of reading, in the form of annotations and commonplace books, left by early-modern readers of John Florio’s English translation of Montaigne (1603).

Missing page 48 / <p> The low ambient air temperatures, together with the low annual rainfall and complete lack of vegetation in the Canadian High Arctic, results in a breakdown of the carbonate rock material by mechanical means. The importance of chemical decomposition, soil formation and transport of ionic material in solution is negligible, when compared with the role played by these same processes in more temperate climates. </p> <p> The purpose of this thesis is to investigate certain aspects of the alkali, alkaline earth and heavy metal geochemistry of selected components of the weathering cycle. The discussion will deal with concentration levels of these parameters in stream waters and, to a lesser extent, soils and stream sediments. </p> <p> Analytical results show that element distributions in the streams resemble those of more temperate carbonate terrains. However, the solute levels are, in general, lower, indicating that a greater proportion of the metals is travelling in colloidal form and/or adsorbed to slit-sized material carried by the streams. </p> <p> These findings confirm the belief that chemical weathering and transport in solution are of little importance in the area studied. </p> / Thesis / Bachelor of Science (BSc)

Lower Silurian conodont biostratigraphy is poorly known and not well correlated with the parallel graptolite biozonation. The Cape Phillips Formation contains a continuous record of sedimentation, and exceptionally well preserved faunas in the unstable shelf region of the Franklinian miogeoclinal succession in the Canadian Arctic Islands and north-west Greenland and affords a rare opportunity to integrate the conodont and graptolite biozonation. Detailed biostratigraphic sampling was completed from the base of the Cape Phillips Formation (Upper Ordovician), over the Ordovician-Silurian boundary, and through the entire Lower Silurian (Llandovery and Wenlock) succession on Cornwallis Island in the Canadian Arctic Islands. A total of 180 4.5 kg, samples were collected, yielding 7,575 conodont elements, from which 59 species representing 29 genera were recognised. One new genus and species are established arom the lower Wenlock. Eleven conodont zones were recognized, 1 of which is new, and 3 of which are modified. Due to the multidisciplinary approach of the fieldwork, the conodont zones are integrated with the detailed graptolite biozonation over the entire interval.

Thèse ou mémoire avec insertion d'articles / Le domaine médical a évolué drastiquement au cours des derniers siècles et la découverte du premier antibiotique, c'est-à-dire une substance qui est capable de détruire ou d'inactiver certains microorganismes, y a grandement contribué. Cette découverte a mené à une diminution du taux de mortalité causé par certaines bactéries pathogènes. Cependant, la commercialisation des antibiotiques a mené à une diversification des mécanismes de résistance par les bactéries. L'utilisation à large échelle des antibiotiques a favorisé l'émergence et le transfert de gènes de résistance aux antibiotiques (antibiotic resistance genes, ARGs) chez les bactéries. Cette résistance représente l'un des principaux enjeux de santé publique à l'échelle mondiale, en raison d'une recrudescence de maladies bactériennes qui ne répondent plus à ce traitement de première ligne. Cependant, on en sait très peu sur la dispersion des ARGs dans l'environnement et encore moins lorsqu'il s'agit de la distribution de ces gènes dans le Haut-Arctique, où les pressions climatiques risquent d'apporter plusieurs changements. L'objectif principal de ce projet est de caractériser, à l'aide d'approches métagénomiques, les ARGs des communautés microbiennes dans différents réservoirs environnementaux faisant partie d'un gradient d'influence anthropique en Arctique canadien, sur l'île de Cornwallis. Les objectifs spécifiques sont de caractériser les ARGs le long d'un continuum d'environnements influencés par l'humain (incluant un site impacté par des eaux usées) et de comparer leur distribution le long de ce gradient d'influence. Nous avons identifié des ARGs dans les tapis microbiens, l'eau du lac et les aérosols dans l'ensemble du bassin versant de Resolute Bay. Nous avons également constaté que les tapis microbiens de la région contaminée présentaient la plus grande diversité d'ARGs par rapport aux sites non contaminés. Bien que nous ayons identifiés les ARGs principalement dans les génomes bactériens, nos données suggèrent, pour la première fois, que certains virus géants sont capables d'héberger des ARGs. / The medical field has evolved dramatically over the last few centuries, and the discovery of the first antibiotic, a substance that can destroy or inactivate certain microorganisms, in 1928 was a major contributor. This discovery led to a decrease in the mortality rate caused by certain pathogenic bacteria. However, the commercialization of antibiotics has led to a diversification of various resistance mechanisms by bacteria. The widespread use of antibiotics has favored the emergence and transfer of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in bacteria. Antibiotic resistance now represents one of the major global health crises due to an upsurge in bacterial-based diseases that no longer respond to this firstline treatment. However, very little is known about the dispersal of antibiotic resistance genes across different environments, and even less when it comes to the distribution of these genes in the High Arctic, where climate pressures are likely to increase the average temperature and disrupt existing microbial communities. The main objective of this project was to characterize, using metagenomic approaches, the ARGs of microbial communities in different environmental reservoirs along a gradient of anthropogenic influence in the Canadian Arctic on Cornwallis Island. The specific objectives were to characterize ARGs along a continuum of human-influenced environments (including sites impacted by sewage) and to compare their distribution along this gradient of anthropogenic influence. We identified ARGs in microbial mats, lake water and aerosols throughout the Resolute Bay watershed. We also found that microbial mats in the contaminated region had the highest diversity of ARGs relative to uncontaminated sites, and that this may be a remnant signal of the introduction of waste water. Although we identified ARGs predominantly in the genomes of bacteria, our data suggests, for the first time, that some giant viruses are capable of harbouring ARGs.