Embriologicamente, o tecido ósseo surge posteriormente aos músculos. A musculatura temporomandibular e facial apresentam-se definidas quando da ossificação da face e crânio, com os ossos se desenvolvendo dentro de um envelope de músculo e fascia. Quando contrações ativas se iniciam em um músculo, ele passa a exercer contínuo efeito sobre os ossos aos quais pertencem sua origem e inserção. O tecido ósseo é tido como um dos mais plásticos e responde prontamente às forças e tensões geradas pelos músculos. Evidenciase que os músculos, desde a fase pré-natal, desempenham papel na conformação dos ossos, e continuam a direcionar o crescimento pelo efeito de suas funções. Oito pacientes (4? e 4?) com idade entre 7 e 12 anos, com maloclusão dental classe III de Angle, foram submetidos a registros eletromiográficos do músculo masseter, subdividido em três regiões: superior, média e inferior, empregando-se o eletromiógrafo K6-I/EMG Eight Channel Surface Electromyograph (Myo-tronics Co., Seatle, WA, EUA), em 17 condições clínicas, e à análise cefalométrica através do programa Radiocef (RadioMemory, Floresta, BH, Brasil), de 15 medidas angulares e lineares. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos ao teste de correlação de Spearman, por meio do programa Statistica, release 4.3D (StatSoft, Inc., 1993, EUA). Correlações estatisticamente significantes foram encontradas entre as condições clínicas de repouso, propulsão livre da mandíbula, mastigação molar, oclusão cêntrica forçada, desvio lateral, deglutição de água, mastigação incisiva, fechamento contra-resistência e deglutição de saliva; e, entre as medidas cefalométricas, ângulo SNA, ângulo incisivo superior.NA, distância incisivo superior-NA, ângulo ANB, ângulo IMPA, distância Pog-NB, ângulo SN.Gn(Y), ângulo incisivo inferior.NB, ângulo interincisivo, distância incisivo inferior-NB, ângulo SN.GoGn, ângulo SN.Plano Oclusal, ângulo SNB e ângulo SND. As regiões superior, média e inferior do músculo masseter participaram em 32, 18 e 50% dos resultados estatisticamente significantes, respectivamente. Os resultados corroboram com hipóteses sobre a influência da musculatura no estabelecimento da maloclusão dental, e a relação entre a função dos músculos do sistema estomatognático e o desenvolvimento craniofacial precisa ser compreendida para se poder predizer o desenvolvimento craniofacial. / Embryologically, the bone tissue develops after muscle tissue. The temporomandibular and facial muscles are well defined when the cranial and facial ossifications occur, with bone structures developing inside of a muscle and fascia envelope. When active contractions begin in a muscle, it exerts an uninterrupted effect over bones to which belongs its origin and insertion. The bones tissues are one of the most plastic tissues, and interact readily to any tension and pressure developed by muscles. It\'s axiomatic that since previous to childbirth, muscles exert a role in bone structure development, and keep directing the skeletal growth with the effect of its functions. Eight patients (4? and 4?), between 7 and 12 years of age, with Angle\'s class III dental malocclusion were studied using electromyographic registers of the masseter muscle, divided in three regions: superior, middle and inferior, and cephalometric analysis. The K6-I/EMG Eight Channel Surface Electromyograph (Myo-tronics Co., Seatle, WA, EUA) was employed to get the registers in 17 clinical conditions, and the Radiocef (RadioMemory, Floresta, BH, Brasil) software was employed to get cephalometric analysis of 15 linear and angular measurements. The data obtained were submitted to statistical analysis by Spearman correlation test, with the Statistica, release 4.3D (StatSoft, Inc., 1993, EUA) software. Correlations were found among the clinical conditions of rest, free protraction of the jaw, molar chewing, centric occlusion, lateral movement without occlusal contact, swallowing water, incisal chewing, clenching the jaw against resistance and swallowing saliva; and among the following cephalometric measurements: the SNA angle, the Upper Incisor.NA angle, Upper Incisor-NA distance, ANB angle, IMPA angle, Pog-NB distance, SN.Gn(Y) angle, Lower Incisor.NB angle, Interincisors angle, Lower Incisor-NB distance, SN.GoGn angle, SN.Occlusal Plane angle, SNB angle and SND angle. The superior, middle and inferior regions of the masseter muscle were present in 32, 18 and 50% of the statistically significant results, respectively. The results reinforce the assumption of muscle influence over the development of dental malocclusion, and that the interaction of muscle function and skeletal growth must be understood to predict craniofacial development.

by Lo Tai-yan, Milton. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 112-114). / Chapter 1 --- Preliminaries --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- The Noncentral Multivariate F distribution --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- The Central Problems and the Approach --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2 --- Concepts and Terminology --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3 --- Choice of Estimates --- p.10 / Chapter 1.4 --- Related Work --- p.11 / Chapter 2 --- Estimation of the noncentrality parameter of a Noncentral Mul- tivariate F distribution --- p.19 / Chapter 2.1 --- Unbiased and Linear Estimators --- p.19 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- The unbiased estimate --- p.20 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- The Class of Linear Estimates --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2 --- Optimal Linear Estimate --- p.32 / Chapter 2.3 --- Nonlinear Estimate --- p.34 / Chapter 2.4 --- Monte Carlo Simulation Study --- p.41 / Chapter 2.5 --- Evaluation and Further Investigation --- p.42 / Chapter 3 --- Estimation of Canonical Correlation Coefficients --- p.73 / Chapter 3.1 --- Preliminary --- p.73 / Chapter 3.2 --- The Estimation Problem --- p.76 / Chapter 3.3 --- Orthogonally Invariant Estimates --- p.77 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- The Unbiased Estimate --- p.78 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- The Class of Linear Estimates --- p.78 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- The Class of Nonlinear Estimates --- p.80 / Chapter 3.4 --- Monte Carlo Simulation Study --- p.87 / Chapter 3.5 --- Evaluation and Further Investigation --- p.89 / Chapter A --- p.104 / Chapter A.1 --- Lemma 3.2 --- p.104 / Chapter A.2 --- Theorem 3.3 Leung(1992) --- p.105 / Chapter A.3 --- The Noncentral F Identity --- p.106 / Chapter B --- Bibliography --- p.111

Machine analysis of human facial and body language is a challenging topic in computer vision, impacting on important applications such as human-computer interaction and visual surveillance. In this thesis, we present research building towards computational frameworks capable of automatically understanding facial expression and behavioural body language. The thesis work commences with a thorough examination in issues surrounding facial representation based on Local Binary Patterns (LBP). Extensive experiments with different machine learning techniques demonstrate that LBP features are efficient and effective for person-independent facial expression recognition, even in low-resolution settings. We then present and evaluate a conditional mutual information based algorithm to efficiently learn the most discriminative LBP features, and show the best recognition performance is obtained by using SVM classifiers with the selected LBP features. However, the recognition is performed on static images without exploiting temporal behaviors of facial expression. Subsequently we present a method to capture and represent temporal dynamics of facial expression by discovering the underlying low-dimensional manifold. Locality Preserving Projections (LPP) is exploited to learn the expression manifold in the LBP based appearance feature space. By deriving a universal discriminant expression subspace using a supervised LPP, we can effectively align manifolds of different subjects on a generalised expression manifold. Different linear subspace methods are comprehensively evaluated in expression subspace learning. We formulate and evaluate a Bayesian framework for dynamic facial expression recognition employing the derived manifold representation. However, the manifold representation only addresses temporal correlations of the whole face image, does not consider spatial-temporal correlations among different facial regions. We then employ Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) to capture correlations among face parts. To overcome the inherent limitations of classical CCA for image data, we introduce and formalise a novel Matrix-based CCA (MCCA), which can better measure correlations in 2D image data. We show this technique can provide superior performance in regression and recognition tasks, whilst requiring significantly fewer canonical factors. All the above work focuses on facial expressions. However, the face is usually perceived not as an isolated object but as an integrated part of the whole body, and the visual channel combining facial and bodily expressions is most informative. Finally we investigate two understudied problems in body language analysis, gait-based gender discrimination and affective body gesture recognition. To effectively combine face and body cues, CCA is adopted to establish the relationship between the two modalities, and derive a semantic joint feature space for the feature-level fusion. Experiments on large data sets demonstrate that our multimodal systems achieve the superior performance in gender discrimination and affective state analysis.

Cheung, Yu Hin Ray. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 47-49). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter CHAPTER ONE: --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter CHAPTER TWO: --- A UNIFIED BOOTSTRAP PROCEDURE --- p.7 / Chapter CHAPTER THREE: --- A SIMULATION STUDY --- p.10 / Chapter CHAPTER FOUR: --- RESULTS --- p.18 / Chapter CHAPTER FIVE: --- DISCUSSION --- p.33 / Chapter CHAPTER SIX: --- CONCLUSION --- p.37 / APPENDICES --- p.38 / REFERENCES --- p.46

This study analyses the applicability of cross correlating the signal between two thermocouples to obtain simultaneous measurement of velocity, integral turbulent length scales, and temperature in fire induced turbulent flows. This sensor is based on the classical Taylor's hypothesis which states that turbulent structures should retain their shape and identity over a small period of time. If sampling rate is fast enough such that the signal from two thermocouples is sampled within this time duration, the turbulent eddy can be used as a tracer to measure flow velocity and fluctuation. Experiments performed in two laboratory scale devices: a heated turbulent jet and a variable diameter natural gas burner show that sampling rate, sampling time, and angular orientation with respect to the bulk flow are the most sensitive parameters in velocity measurements. Flows with Reynolds numbers between 300 (u=0.1m/s) and 6000 (u=2.0 m/s) were tested.

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 1980. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Bibliography: leaves 36-38. / by Jan Adam Norris II. / M.S.

Over the past few decades various models of different formats have been developed to correctly evaluate and predict the strength of materials. However, these models are limited in certain environmental conditions in implementing the effect of material's thickness into their models. As such an there was a need to consider the basics of mechanical engineering and to try and define the trend, thickness has upon the behaviour of materials with respect to environmental conditions. The work consisted of a representation of tensile testing testing of common engineering alloys across a wide range of temperature, strain rate and thickness. Acquisition of high strain rate data and extended strain data (split-hopkinson, bulge forming and plane strain compression). A review of existing graphical techniques and limited applications using strength reduction factors, as well as applying the accepted empirical formulae, Johnson-Cook, Armstrong-Zerrili, Ramberg-Osgood and Hollomon. Later, recognising a need for a new approach as with a universal (quartic) polynomial fit to all plastic flow curves in which coefficients are T, ε̇ and t̄ dependant. Adoptation of a common numerical procedure for strain intercept ε0 and cut-off instability co-ordinates (σi, εi)- each as the solution to the roots of a quartic. Therefore, a proposal of the flow curve tables allowing interpolation and extrapolation, a numerical representation of any previous "Atlas of Curves". Subsequently, leading to reconstruction of the full stress-strain curve with the addition of elastic strain calculated from the modulus applicable to the specific test condition by further testing of these data from literature; both improving the existing and producing new empirical and simulation based models to analyse the materials, which will be subjected to dynamic loading as well as temperature and strain rates variations. The main objective of the work, was involved in creating a polynomial fit to describe the three physical conditions in terms of coefficients and to verify the findings in a FEA package, ABAQUS. A new process in reading the stress-strain data. By means of such development an instability study of strain limits based on Considére criteria was developed which illustrated the ways to prolong the instability limit. A secondary study of this work relates to creating a bridge between the micro-structure and macro-structure of the tested materials. A series of correlations and trends were developed to further signify the shift in micro-structural restructuring, whilst the material is under load. Another important aspect of the work consists, of carrying out an analytical study on Ramberg-Osgood equation. Ramberg-Osgood equation has been at the forefront of many engineering advancement. However it can yet be improved and reformatted by means of defining a set value for its variable constants. As such a fix ƞt value based on a best-fit approach was developed which was analytically tested.

The past decade has seen an enormous increase in the number of connected wireless devices, and currently there are billions of devices that are connected and managed by wireless networks. At the same time, the applications that are running on these devices have also developed significantly and became more data rate insatiable. As the number of wireless devices and the demand for a high data rate will always increase, in addition to the growing concern about the energy consumption of wireless communication systems, the future wireless communication systems will have to meet three main requirements. These three requirements are: i) being able to achieve high throughput; ii) serving a large number of users simultaneously; and iii) being energy efficient (less energy consumption). Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology can satisfy the aforementioned requirements; and thus, it is a promising candidate technology for the next generations of wireless communication systems. Massive MIMO technology simply refers to the idea of utilizing a large number of antennas at the base station (BS) to serve a large number of users simultaneously using the same time-frequency resources. The hypothesis behind using a massive number of antennas at the BS is that as the number of antennas increases, the channels become favourable. In other words, the channel vectors between the users and their serving BS become (nearly) pairwisely orthogonal as the number of BS antennas increases. This in turn enables the use of linear processing at the BS to achieve near optimal performance. Moreover, a huge throughput and energy efficiency can be attained due to users multiplexing and array gain. In this thesis, we investigate the performance of massive MIMO systems under different scenarios. Firstly, we investigate the performance of a single-cell multi-user massive MIMO system, in which the channel vectors for the different users are assumed to be correlated. In this aspect, we propose two algorithms for users grouping that aim to improve the system performance. Afterwards, the problem of pilot contamination in multi-cell massive MIMO systems is discussed. Based on this discussion, we propose a pilot allocation algorithm that maximizes the minimum achievable rate in a target cell. Following that, we consider two different scenarios for pilot sequences allocation in multi-cell massive MIMO systems. Lower bounds on the achievable rates are derived for two linear detectors, and the performance under different system settings is analysed and discussed for both scenarios. Finally, two algorithms for pilot sequences allocation are proposed. The first algorithm takes advantage of the multiplicity of pilot sequences over the number of users to improve the achievable rate of edge cell users. While the second algorithm aims to mitigate the negative impact of pilot contamination by utilizing more system resources for the channel estimation process to reduce the inter-cell interference.

A large proportion of energy demand comes from urban areas, mostly from buildings and transport, the use of which has impacts on climate and air quality through the emissions of greenhouse gases and other pollutants. To effectively mitigate these impacts, a better understanding of the relationship between energy and urban form variables is crucial. The link between energy and urban variables has been demonstrated before and it is recognised in many aspects of the cities, such as human behaviour and transport dynamics. This research goes forward by analysing the correlation and scaling between energy consumption and different land use typologies derived from urban form variables, as well as at other scales. The work is built on readily available datasets for England to guarantee the replicability of the methodology and ensure the reliability of the results. A combined energy use metric integrating buildings and commute transport produces helpful insights into energy consumption patterns and it is obtained at a large geographic scale. The identification of local scale consumption patterns is attractive to policymakers and planners by providing them detailed information to direct local-level policies. On the other hand, the derived land use typologies deliver new knowledge about the spatialisation of the urban system and to establish the link with the energy use. The results reveal that the relationship between energy and urban variables favours the application of compact city to reduce carbon-based energy consumption. This means that better energy efficiency is achieved by areas with higher population density. The analysis also shows that socio-economic variables have higher impact on energy consumption than physical variables. Moreover, differences at city scale and for the land use typologies are identified, demonstrating the importance of focusing the analysis according to the goal. In sum, the results from this work provide new insights about the relationship between energy and urban characteristics that can be used by policymakers and planners to outline more focused and detailed actions to mitigate energy use in England.

A avaliação da presença de compostos orgânicos voláteis nos efluentes líquidos é importante para atendimento à legislação vigente e proteção do sistema de esgotamento sanitário e da saúde ocupacional. Objetivos: o uso de técnica rápida de identificação e quantificação de compostos orgânicos voláteis do grupo BTEX presentes em amostras de efluentes líquidos através das emissões gasosas permite verificar quais delas não atendem à legislação vigente, através de faixas de concentração de interesse. A possibilidade de efetuar em campo essa avaliação promove maior agilidade nas ações de controle da qualidade do efluente bem como da exposição ocupacional. Também permite racionalizar os custos de monitoramento através da redução das amostras enviadas aos laboratórios. Materiais e métodos: os compostos avaliados causam agravos à saúde e, por serem altamente voláteis, possuem altos percentuais de distribuição no ar. O benzeno é comprovadamente cancerígeno, não existindo limites seguros para exposição a esse composto. A legislação brasileira fornece os subsídios necessários para o controle da produção, usos e disposição de BTEX. Há ações em andamento para um melhor controle e monitoramento da exposição ocupacional ao benzeno, em especial, e também ações para o monitoramento das populações expostas a ele. Com o objetivo de efetuar leituras no campo que identifiquem e quantifiquem os compostos do grupo BTEX, optou-se pela utilização de espectrofotômetro de infravermelho portátil. Resultados: os resultados das leituras das emissões desses compostos foram comparados com os resultados das análises de BTEX efetuadas nos efluentes líquidos. Para tanto, foram considerados os parâmetros existentes na legislação relativos à exposição ocupacional e à legislação de lançamento de efluentes. Conclusão: a avaliação dos resultados permite dizer que é factível a utilização da leitura das emissões gasosas para identificar a presença de BTEX em amostras de efluentes líquidos e que essas leituras podem quantificar valores que ultrapassem as faixas de concentração de interesse, através dos modelos de regressão identificados nessa avaliação. Para a construção de modelos de regressão mais confiáveis entre as concentrações das emissões gasosas e das concentrações no efluente líquido, são necessários estudos complementares. / The evaluation of the presence of volatile organic compounds in wastewater is important for compliance with current regulations, protection of the wastewater sewer systems and occupational health. Objectives: Identification and quantification of volatile organic compounds of BTEX group present in samples of liquid effluents through their gaseous emissions, allows checking which of them do not meet the current regulation, through concentration ranges of interest. The possibility of performing this evaluation in the field promotes greater flexibility in efforts to control the quality of the effluent as well as occupational exposure. It also allows streamlining the monitoring costs through reduction of liquid samples to be sent to laboratories. Materials and methods: The compounds evaluated cause health problems and for being highly volatile have high percentages of distribution in the air. Benzene is a proven carcinogen and there are no safe limits for exposure to this compound. Brazilian regulations provide the necessary subsidies for production control, uses and disposal of BTEX subsidies needed to control the production, uses and disposal of BTEX. There are ongoing activities to better control and monitoring of occupational exposure and also actions for monitoring populations exposed to benzene. An infrared spectrophotometer was used in air analyses to identify BTEX. Results: The results of the compounds emissions scans were compared with the results of BTEX analyzes in wastewater. For both parameters were considered in the regulation relating to occupational exposure and the rules of effluent discharge. Conclusion: The evaluation of the results allows saying that it is feasible to use gaseous emissions scans to identify the presence of BTEX in wastewater samples and they can indicate scans that exceed the concentration ranges of interest, through mathematical models this assessment. For mathematical models that provide precise curves of the correlation between the concentrations of gaseous emissions and liquid effluent concentrations, complementary studies are needed.