The purpose of this research was the investigation of the corrosion behavior of a low chromium-content stainless steel, ASTM A1010, for use in steel bridge members. This stainless steel has been marketed as a potential replacement for conventional structural steels for bridges located in highly-corrosive environments, with the potential to provide life-cycle cost savings. Further investigation of the corrosion behavior of A1010 in corrosive environments was required for three bridge-specific applications: the galvanic corrosion of A1010 connected to plates and fasteners composed of dissimilar metals; the crevice corrosion of A1010 plates connected with other A1010 plates; and the effect of varying surface preparation techniques on the corrosion behavior of A1010. These behaviors were studied through the implementation of an accelerated cyclic corrosion test, the modified SAE J2334 Surface Vehicle Standard specification. Results from the accelerated corrosion test indicated the following: galvanic corrosion rates of A1010 with dissimilar metal plates may result in accelerated corrosion rates of the dissimilar metal plates beyond desirable levels; connections to many non-stainless fastener types show cause for concerns with galvanic corrosion, while B8 Class 2 austenitic stainless steel bolt assemblies exhibited superior performance; the relative corrosion-resistance of A1010 is decreased in detailing susceptible to crevice corrosion; and finally, numerous abrasive blasting procedures appear to be suitable for use with A1010. / Master of Science / The purpose of this research was the investigation of the corrosion behavior of a recently-developed stainless steel, ASTM A1010, for use in steel bridges. This stainless steel has been marketed as a potential replacement for conventional structural steels for bridges located in highly-corrosive environments, and has the potential to provide cost savings to bridge owners over the life of the bridge. While the general properties of ASTM A1010 have been studied, further investigation was required for the corrosion behavior in bridge-specific applications. As a result, the corrosion behavior from three applications was investigated: A1010 connected to plates and fasteners composed of dissimilar metals; A1010 plates connected with other A1010 plates; and A1010 cleaned using different abrasive blasting procedures. Ultimately, these behaviors were studied through the implementation of an accelerated laboratory corrosion test which exposed A1010 plates to repeated cycles with controlled temperature, relative humidity, and exposure to corrosive substances. Testing results have shown important findings: significant concerns are associated with connecting different plate types to A1010 due to the high rates of corrosion expected on the dissimilar metals; connections to many fastener types show cause for concern, while one stainless steel type exhibited superior performance above the rest; the relative corrosion-resistance of A1010 is lessened in highly-corrosive environments; and finally, numerous abrasive blasting procedures appear to be suitable for use with A1010.

No description available.

No description available.

An investigation has been carried out to determine the effects of the dissolved solids in process cooling water (pcw) and mine water (mw) on concrete corrosion. An experimental set up was designed to simulate the process in the cooling towers of Sasol (Pty) Ltd at Secunda. The investigation was carried out using Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and Portland Blastfurnace Cement (PBFC). The corrosion process was monitored as a function of time by determining the concentrations of the ions left in solution. This was done using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and Ion Chromatography (lC). The observation, identification and characterization of the secondary phases formed during the corrosion process were analyzed using the Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM). Energy Dispersive X-ray Microanalysis (EDX) made it possible to identify the various microstructures and quantify their elemental composition. This made it possible to monitor the penetration of sulphate ions in the mortar. Powder X-ray Diffraction (XRD) qualitative analysis was also performed on the test mortar specimens. The organic constituents in process cooling water were determined using Gas Chromatography coupled with a Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS). The corrosion indices which measures the aggressiveness of water solutions towards cement and concrete were calculated for both process cooling water and mine water. The results of the investigation showed that mine water is more corrosive than process cooling water. This observation has been linked to the presence of the organic compounds in process cooling water. The results also indicated that PBFC was mores resistant to chemical attack than ope. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1998.

A dissertation submitted to the University of the Witwatersrand in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering (Metallurgy & Materials) 2016 / The surfaces of AISI 316L stainless steel plate were laser alloyed with ruthenium powder as well as a mixture of ruthenium and nickel powders using a Nd:YAG laser set at fixed operating parameters. The microstructure, elemental composition, and corrosion characteristics of the alloyed zone were analysed using optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), and corrosion potential measurements. EDS analysis of the alloyed specimen showed that through the laser surface alloying, 2 mm surface layers with 12.5wt % Ru and 5.2wt% Ru were produced on an AISI 316L stainless steel. Similar microstructures which were dendritic and columnar grains, typical of weld beads under non-equilibrium cooling conditions were observed for all samples. Hardness profile measurements showed a significant increase from 160 HV for the substrate to a maximum of 247 HV for the alloyed layer. Using an Autolab potentiostat, the corrosion behaviour and resistance of the laser alloyed layers, substrate AISI 316L, and Hastelloy© C-276 were evaluated and compared in sulphuric acid solution of different concentration and temperatures. The Hastelloy© C-276, followed by the 12.5wt% Ru presented the most noble corrosion potential (Ecorr) and the lowest corrosion current density (icorr). However, in 60wt% H2SO4 and 40oC, the 5.22 wt% Ru alloys exhibited slightly better anticorrosive properties than 12.5wt% Ru. The observed corrosion potential, Ecorr, for untreated AISI 316L stainless steel sample in 40wt% sulphuric acid solution at 40oC was -277 mV. The 5.22 wt% Ru and 12.5wt% Ru alloyed stainless steel samples presented -240 mV, and 61 mV respectively in the same solution. Besides showing comparable performance to 5.2wt%Ru sample within specific short potential ranges, Hastelloy© C-276 was generally superior in all solutions. In addition it was found that the stability of the passive layer was improved with additions of Ru. Based on the developed costing equation the cost of 5 mm AISI 316L stainless steel plate with surface area (A = 1 m2) surface alloyed with 5.2wt% Ru to a depth of 2 mm using Nd: YAG laser is estimated at R15 989, and it is less than the cost of a Hastelloy© C-276 plate of similar size which is estimated at R19 900. As the material thickness increases, the cost benefit of laser surface treatment increases and vice versa. Reduction of the Ru additions to levels below 5.2wt% would improve cost competition without detracting from performance. / MT2017

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering 15 October 2016 / The alloys Ti-52.5Al-10.0Ni (at.%) and Ti-52.5Al-10.0Ni-0.2Ru (at.%) were made by mixing, and melting their powders in a button arc furnace under an argon atmosphere. The high temperature oxidation and room temperature corrosion of behaviour of the alloys was investigated. Isothermal oxidation in air at 950°C for 120 hours and 720 hours was done. Cyclic oxidation behaviour of the alloys was also investigated in air and in a hot salt (Na2SO4) environment. The corrosion tests were conducted in 5 wt% and 25 wt% HCl. All the samples were characterised using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and hardness measurements. On solidification, the Ti-52.5Al-10.0Ni (at.%) alloy formed dendrites of γ-TiAl (~55 at.% Al) surrounded by a eutectic of γ-TiAl + Ti2NiAl3 (τ3) phases. Most of the nickel was found in the Ti2NiAl3 (τ3) phase (~12 at.%) with trace amounts in the dendrites (~0.5 at.%). The Ti-52.5Al-10.0Ni-0.2Ru (at.%) alloy formed dendrites of γ-TiAl (~53 at.% Al) surrounded by a eutectic of γ-TiAl + Ti2NiAl3 (τ3). Most of the nickel (~15 at.%) and ruthenium (~0.3 at.%) were in solid solution in the Ti2NiAl3 (τ3) phase, although small amounts of both metals were present in the dendrites (~1 at.% Ni and 0.1 at.% Ru). Under isothermal oxidation conditions, both alloys showed good oxidation resistance with a low mass gain (< 2%). The alloys formed a continuous scale of TiO2 and Al2O3 with good adherence to the substrate, but as exposure time increased, the scale was severely degraded and exfoliated from the surface. Cyclic oxidation conditions were more aggressive for both alloys. The Ti-52.5Al-10.0Ni-0.2Ru (at.%) alloy was more resistant and formed a nickel-rich sub-surface zone between the substrate and intermixed oxide layer. Both alloys had a fairly good corrosion resistance in HCl due to the presence of nickel. They formed a thin and non-continuous Al2O3 oxide scale on the surface of the γ-TiAl dendrites, with Ti3NiAl2O on the γ-TiAl + Ti2NiAl3 (τ3) eutectic regions. The acid mainly corroded the τ3 phase, thus attacking the eutectic and leaving the γ-TiAl dendrites exposed. / MT2017

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering Johannesburg, 1993 / The formation of VC, NbC, and Cr-carbide coatings on steels immersed in molten borax baths containing carbide-forming constituents has been known for some time. A study was made of the formation of carbide coating on steel specimens treated in molten borax cont.ad.Lnr.q ferro-vanadium and V20S as bath additives. The prevalence of oxidizing or reducing conditions in the bath was found to playa decisive role in the formation of the VC layer. The influence of treatment factors such as time, temperature, and bath composition on the thickness of the coating was investigated. A detailed investigation into the behaviour of baths containing V205 and Al was carried out in this regard. Microstructural examination of coated specimens was performed using optical and electron microscopy. Microhardness tests, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analyses were carried out in order to characterise the layers produced. The corrosion behaviour of the vanadf.um carbide coating was evaluated by accelerated electrochemical means. Samples of mild steel and EN9(O.5% C) steel were treated for various lengths of time in order to obtain coatings of various thicknesses. The corrosion resLst.ance of the carbide coating was found to be superior to that of the untreated base alloys. Five diffet"ent tool steel materials were a.lso treated. Microscopy examination and hardness testing of the VC coated tool steels was performed in order to assess the effects of treatment by this process on the bas~ material. The austenitizing temperature and the nature of the carbides in the matrix of the tool steels was found to play an important role in this respect. / MT2017

No description available.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivos determinar a resistência à corrosão e as propriedades mecânicas da liga Cu10Ni-3Al-1,3Fe, nas condições solubilizada e envelhecida a 550°C. Foi também objetivo do trabalho identificar a microestrutura nestas condições de tratamento térmico. As propriedades mecânicas foram avaliadas a partir de ensaios de tração e medidas de microdureza. Para caracterizar a resistência à corrosão e corrosão-erosão, foram realizados ensaios de polarização potenciodinâmica na condição estagnada e associada à erosão em 0,01M NaCl, 0,01M Na2SO4 e 0,0001M Na2S.9H2O. Para tanto, foi necessário elaborar a liga Cu10Ni-3Al-1,3Fe, por fundição em forno do tipo mufla. O lingote obtido foi solubilizado a 900ºC e laminado a frio. Posteriormente a chapa obtida foi novamente tratada a 900ºC por 1 h para garantir uma microestrutura homogênea de fase a. A partir desta chapa foram retiradas amostras para os tratamentos térmicos de envelhecimento por até 1.032 h a 550ºC. Os exames metalográficos mostraram intensa precipitação nas condições envelhecidas. Através dos ensaios de tração e medidas de microdureza, verificou-se que a presença dos precipitados melhora significativamente as propriedades mecânicas, sendo que os valores máximos de dureza, limite de escoamento e de resistência ocorrem para o tempo de 16 h de envelhecimento. Este efeito é decorrente de duas parcelas, uma dos precipitados intergranulares que se formam num processo de precipitação celular e a outra das partículas finamente dispersas (precipitados intragranulares). Em relação a resistência à corrosão, constatou-se que a liga, em todas as condições de tratamento térmico, apresenta um potencial de quebra (Eq) quando polarizada em eletrólitos que contém cloreto, sulfato ou sulfeto. Em 0,01M NaCl, o potencial Eq está relacionado com o processo de corrosão seletiva do níquel (desniquelação). Observou-se ainda que o envelhecimento provocou um aumento nos valores de Eq, sendo mais evidente para as amostras envelhecidas por 2 e 1.032 h. Nos ensaios de corrosão-erosão (realizados apenas nas condições solubilizada e envelhecida por 16 h), também ocorre o potencial Eq, mas os valores são mais baixos. Nestes casos foram observadas cavidades, que não estão relacionadas com o processo de corrosão seletiva, mas sim com o processo de erosão. Nos eletrólitos de 0,01M Na2SO4 e 0,0001M Na2S.9H2O o potencial Eq está relacionado com a formação de cavidades (pites), e não com o processo de corrosão seletiva. Nestes eletrólitos, não foi observada qualquer dependência entre Eq e o envelhecimento da liga, diferentemente do verificado em 0,01M NaCl, onde o envelhecimento proporcionou um efeito benéfico. Igualmente, não houve diferenças significativas nos valores de Eq quando o material foi submetido à corrosão-erosão. / The present work evaluated the corrosion resistance and mechanical properties of Cu10Ni-3Al-1.3Fe cupronickel alloy, in the solution-treated and 550°C aged conditions. It was also objective of the work to identify the microstructural changes in these conditions of aging treatment. Mechanical properties were evaluated through microhardness and tension tests; to evaluate the corrosion and corrosion-erosion resistance, potenciodynamic polarization tests were done in the stagnated condition and polarization associated to erosion in 0.01M NaCl, 0.01M Na2SO4 or 0.0001M Na2S.9H2O. The alloy had been casting and solution treated at 900°C, and after that cold rolled. From cold rolled sheet, specimens were solution treated at 900°C for 1 h, and aged at 550°C until 1,032 hours. The microstructural exams showed precipitation in the aged samples. The microhardness and tension tests showed that the presence of precipitates improve the mechanical properties, and the maximum value of hardness was obtained after 16 h of aging at 550°C. This effect is related to two microstructural aspects, one regarding intergranular precipitates that were formed by cellular precipitation and other related to the presence of finely dispersed intragranular precipitation. Concerning corrosion resistance, it was verified that the alloy, in all conditions, presented a break potential (Eq) when polarized in the tested solutions. In 0.01M NaCl, Eq is related with the process of selective corrosion of the nickel (denickelification). It was observed although that aging increased the values of Eq, being more evident for the aged samples for 2 and 1,032 h. The corrosion-erosion tests (just accomplished in the conditions solution-treated and aged by 16 h), also presented Eq, but the values were lower. In these cases cavities were observed, however not related to the process of selective corrosion, but to the erosion process. The tests in 0.01M Na2SO4 or 0.0001M Na2S.9H2O showed that Eq is related with the formation of cavities (pits), and not with the process of selective corrosion. In these solutions was not observed dependence between Eq and the aging time, differently of the verified in 0.01M NaCl, where the aging provided a beneficial effect. There were not significant differences in the values of Eq when the material was submitted to the corrosion-erosion in the solutions (0.01M Na2SO4 and 0.0001M Na2S.9H2O).

Thesis (B.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Humanities, 1976. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND HUMANITIES. / Bibliography: leaves 68-72. / by Tania A. Krapchev. / B.S.