by Ma Hing Tong, William. / Thesis (M.A.Ed.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1991. / Bibliography: leaves [106]-112. / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS / ABSTRACT / Chapter CHAPTER ONE --- OVERSEAS EDUCATION FOR HONG KONG STUDENTS / Chapter 1.1 --- Review of the Situation : Global Trends and Hong Kong Situation --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Importance of Cost Study of Overseas University Education --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3 --- The Aims of This Study --- p.7 / Chapter 1.4 --- Sources of Data --- p.9 / Chapter CHAPTER TWO --- MAJOR ISSUES IN OVERSEAS EDUCATION / Chapter 2.1 --- Overseas Student Policy in the Selected Major Host Countries --- p.11 / Chapter (i) --- Britain's Full-coat Fees Policy / Chapter (ii) --- Canada's Foreign Student Policy Development / Chapter (iii) --- Australia's Private Pull Fee Policy / Chapter (iv) --- United States of America / Chapter (v) --- Political Conaideration of Overseas Chinese Education in Taiwan / Chapter 2.2 --- Costs and Benefits of Overseas Students from the Perspective of Host Country --- p.26 / Chapter 2.3 --- Costs and Benefits of Overseas Students from the Perspective of Sending Country --- p.29 / Chapter (i) --- Cost Analysis / Chapter (ii) --- Benefit Analysis / Chapter CHAPTER THREE --- COST ANALYSIS FOR OVERSEAS EDUCATION FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF SENDING COUNTRY / Chapter 3.1 --- The Problem --- p.37 / Chapter 3.2 --- Cost Analysis of Overseas Education --- p.39 / Chapter 3.3 --- Coat of Overseas Education --- p.42 / Chapter (i) --- Tuition Fees / Chapter (ii) --- Living Costs / Chapter (iii) --- Traveling Expenses / Chapter (iv) --- Foregone Earnings / Chapter 3. 4 --- Cost to Each Constituency --- p.45 / Chapter (i) --- Host Country / Chapter (ii) --- Sending Country / Chapter (iii) --- Personal/family / Chapter CHAPTER FOUR --- ANALYZING COST OF HONG KONG OVERSEAS STUDENTS / Chapter 4.1 --- Britain --- p.52 / Chapter 4.2 --- Canada --- p.56 / Chapter 4.3 --- Australia --- p.58 / Chapter 4.4 --- America / Chapter 4.5 --- Taiwan --- p.63 / Chapter CHAPTER FIVE --- RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS / Chapter 5.1 --- Possible Bias of the Result --- p.67 / Chapter 5.2 --- Summarizing the Data --- p.68 / Chapter 5.3 --- Conclusions and Discussions --- p.73 / Chapter APPENDIX A --- HONG KONG STUDENTS IN BRITAIN --- p.81 / Chapter APPENDIX B --- HONG KONG STUDENTS IN CANADA --- p.87 / Chapter APPENDIX C --- HONG KONG STUDENTS IN AUSTRALIA --- p.91 / Chapter APPENDIX D --- HONG KONG STUDENTS IN AMERICA --- p.93 / Chapter APPENDIX E --- HONG KONG STUDENTS IN TAIWAN --- p.98 / Chapter APPENDIX F --- TRAVELLING EXPENSES OF HONG KONG STUDENTS --- p.102 / Chapter APPENDIX G --- ENROLLMENTS AND EXPENDITURE OF HONG KONG UNIVERSITIES --- p.104 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.106

Typescript (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Dissertation : Berlin :Freie Universitat Berlin, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 254-294)

Presidents have two major assets at their disposal when seeking to alter policy: executive orders and legislative action. There are certain advantages and disadvantages to each course. Although presidency scholars have focused extensively on presidential efforts in the legislative arena, little attention has been paid to how a president affects policy through direct action. Because executive orders have been under-researched, there has been a dearth of theory development that adequately explains when presidents will act unilaterally through executive orders and when they will instead seek legislative avenues to policy change. This project develops a parsimonious theory grounded in the transaction costs framework that explains how a president chooses between seeking congressional action versus acting unilaterally through executive orders to accomplish policy change. The theory holds that when presidents desire policy change, they balance the transaction costs executive orders and legislative action present, selecting the course that presents the greatest benefit after accounting for the transaction costs present. After outlining the theory, I test my predictions using an original data set. Each executive order from 1946 to 2004 was read and examined for policy content. Unlike most prior studies of presidential use of executive orders, this study only includes orders that affect policy in the data analyses. The series of empirical tests provide support for my theory: Presidents consider the transaction costs that executive orders and the pursuit of legislation pose and take the action that maximizes their utility when seeking policy change

Thesis (Ph. D.)--York University, 1999. Graduate Programme in Economics. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 155-166). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/yorku/fullcit?pNQ56238.

The concept of 'globalization' has nomlally been observed and researched in relation to hightechnology sectors, and little rigorous work has been done in the clothing context. This research attempts to fill the gap by replacing opinion and views with objective analysis, and to add to the existing knowledge base by providing answers to the identified problems in a measurable form. One of the major factors shaping the clothing industry's current position towards operations in different countries is the level of labour costs and the labour cost gap between developed and developing countries. The study has shown that despite technological development, labour costs as a percentage of total costs in the clothing industry are still very high as compared with the situation in the automobile industry and the electronics industry. Moreover, the considerable labour cost gap between developed and developing countries has not closed over the years. The statistical evidence has provided a new and objective perspective on the size of the above gap and highlighted the continued relevance of the issue of labour costs to the clothing sector today. The research has also illustrated how factors such as inflation rate and indirect charges can have their impact on the labour cost level. The 'globalness' of the UK based clothing sector was assessed at both the industry level and at the company level. At the industry level, an extensive re-working of secondary data was carried out. A study of various indicators of international involvement has shown that the UK clothing industry's exports and outward investment are far from spread across the world's major markets, instead, they are fairly concentrated in certain regions. In addition, previously unpublished data on the use of outward processing traffic were collected and analyzed. Evidence suggests that the UK clothing industry is only 'global' to a limited extent. In order to develop an infornled understanding of the competitive strategies at company level and to study whether companies with higher degrees of globalization achieve better performance, a postal survey of 152 UK based clothing fimlS, followed by telephone and face-to-face interviews, was conducted. The primary data collected by questionnaires and interviews were subjected to rigorous statistical analysis. Four case studies were subsequently established to put the analysis into a real-life context. The surveyed experience of the UK based clothing companies has revealed that larger companies tend to have higher levels of international involvement. However, based on the statistical evidence, the thesis argues that a wider geographical presence does not equal globalization and it does not lead to better performance. The interviews and case studies also highlighted important strategic issues. Based on the infornlation from both the primary and secondary sources, the thesis concludes that in the future UK clothing companies will further increase their overseas manufacturing activities at the expense of the home production base. Only those companies which restructure and invest in good time in preparation for further changes in industry settings, and which have a close relationship with their clients, are more likely to succeed or survive.

published_or_final_version / abstract / toc / Transport Policy and Planning / Master / Master of Arts in Transport Policy and Planning

published_or_final_version / abstract / toc / Transport Policy and Planning / Master / Master of Arts in Transport Policy and Planning

No description available.