Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:28:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:02:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 17897.pdf: 1027757 bytes, checksum: d6b5ec3afbc6b4a705c60af963b604a7 (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado Profissionalizante em Lasers em Odontologia) / IPEN/D-MPLO / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP; Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:33:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:04:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Com o avanço tecnológico dos equipamentos utilizados em radioterapia tornaram-se possíveis o uso de alguns campos de radiação nomeados como campos pequenos em algumas modalidades especiais de radioterapia. Com isso, a dosimetria dos feixes de radiação também teve de ser revista, pois com estes novos tamanhos de campos, não há condição de referência como aquela dita nos protocolos e diretrizes de dosimetria. Neste trabalho foi realizado um estudo completo sobre os campos pequenos, bem como sua dosimetria, mostrando o comportamento dos detectores nessa nova condição de dosimetria através de uma comparação entre os detectores utilizados e dados já publicados na literatura. Além disso, os dados obtidos experimentalmente puderam ser validados através de comparação com dados publicados por outros autores. Na caracterização do detector de diamante o mesmo apresentou-se apropriado em todos os parâmetros para medidas com campos pequenos. Na análise do fator de qualidade Q os resultados experimentais obtidos nesta investigação mostraram diferenças percentuais de 1,8%; 4,0% e 4,9% para câmara do tipo CC01, CC13 e diodo estereotáxico respectivamente. Na avaliação de PDP e TMR foi possível observar a dificuldade nas medições com campos pequenos bem como na comparação de diferentes detectores, para PDP a maior diferença foi de 2,6% e para TMR 2,7%. / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

In this study, built in performance counters are used to identify limits of a prototype real time map web application running in the Google Chrome browser on a desktop PC. The context in which the application is intended for use is one of distributed simulation. This provides the variable conditions of update frequency and number of (simulated) entities to be displayed on the map. The performance counters log the utilization of memory and CPU on the client machine, and in addition to these a metric called delay time is calculated to see how the time used to handle a certain amount of entities relates to the given time interval, determined by the update frequency. Two specific use cases in the simulation context are defined and tested, as well as baselines of browser idle use, local rendering, and excluded rendering. Furthermore, ranges of the variable conditions are tested with the other condition fixed, to see how different combinations of frequency and entity number affect resource use and delay times. Findings include that the high frequency use case results in a continuously high delay time and is not feasible for use without further optimization. Additionally, the application is unlikely to perform better given less communication since rendering and scripting impact resource use the most. The use of memory is not significantly increased from idle use at any time and CPU use is limited by the single threaded parsing of JavaScript resulting in a highest percentage of non-idle time during a test of 31%. Lastly, the growth of delay time occur later in terms of entity updates per second when the number of entities is relatively low and the update frequency is high, as opposed to a lower frequency and a higher number of entities.

Processor address traces are invaluable for characterizing workloads and testing proposed memory hierarchies. Long traces are needed to exercise modern cache designs and produce meaningful results, but are difficult to collect with hardware monitors because microprocessors access memory too frequently for disks or other large storage to keep up. The small, fast buffers of the monitors fill quickly; in order to obtain long contiguous traces, the processor must be stopped while the buffer is emptied. This halting may perturb the traces collected, but this cannot be measured directly, since long uninterrupted traces cannot be collected. We make the case that hardware performance counters, which collect runtime statistics without influencing execution, can be used to measure halting effects. We use the performance counters of the Pentium 4 processor to collect statistics while halting the processor as if traces were being collected. We then compare these results to the statistics obtained from unhalted runs. We present our results in terms of which counters are affected, why, and what this means for trace-collection systems.

No description available.

This report summarizes the design of a digital frequency synthesizer for airborne distance measuring equipment. It is the purpose of the frequency synthesizer to provide a stable frequency source for the local oscillator of the airborne receiver and for the power amplifiers in the transmitter chain. The synthesizer is required to furnish a frequency ranging from 260.250 mHz to 287.50 mHz in channel steps of 250 kHz at a power level of +7.0 dBm. the stability of the frequency must be greater than .005% over the temperature range of from minus 45 degrees centigrade to plus 55 degrees centigrade, requiring a crystal controlled source. Digital techniques are employed using two crystal controlled oscillators to synthesize all required channel frequencies. Linear circuits using standard configurations are employed for the oscillators, buffers, and mixers. Primary attention is paid to optimizing the transient characteristics of the synthesizer which employ programmable digital counters to change the division ratio in a phase locked loop. Decoding is provided to interface the modulus of the counters with the aircraft cockpit controls.

A new set of thermal neutron detectors has been developed as a near term 3He tube replacement. The zinc oxide scintillator is an ultrafast scintillator which can be doped to have performance equal to or superior to 3He tubes. Originally investigated in the early 1950s, this room temperature semiconductor has been evaluated as a thermal neutron scintillator. Zinc oxide can be doped with different nuclei to tune the band gap, improve optical clarity, and improve the thermal neutron detection efficiency. The effects of various dopant effects on the scintillation properties, materials properties, and crystal growth parameters have been analyzed. Two different growth modalities were investigated: bulk melt grown materials as well as thin film scintillators grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). MOCVD has shown significant advantages including precise thickness control, high dopant incorporation, and epitaxial coatings of neutron target nuclei. Detector designs were modeled and simulated to design an improved thermal neutron detector using doped ZnO layers, conformal coatings and light collection improvements including Bragg reflectors and photonic crystal structures. The detectors have been tested for crystalline quality by XRD and FTIR spectroscopy, for scintillation efficiency by photo-luminescence spectroscopy, and for neutron detection efficiency by alpha and neutron radiation tests. Lastly, a novel method for improving light collection efficiency has been investigated, the creation of a photonic crystal scintillator. Here, the flow of optical light photons is controlled through an engineered structure created with the scintillator materials. This work has resulted in a novel radiation detection material for the near term replacement of 3He tubes with performance characteristics equal to or superior to that of 3He.

This work focuses on using forward and adjoint transport in a hybrid application of 3-D deterministic (PENTRAN) and Monte Carlo (MCNP5) codes to model a series of neutron detector blocks. These blocks, or “channels,” contain a unique set of moderators with 4 atm He-3 proportional detectors tuned to detect and profile a gross energy spectrum of a passing neutron (SNM) source. Ganging the units together as a large area system enables one to apply time gating the source-detector response to maximize signal to noise responses from a passing source with minimal background; multiple units may be positioned as a collective synthetic aperture detector array to be used as a way of performing real time neutron spectroscopy for detecting special nuclear materials in moving vehicles.

No description available.

No description available.