La classification automatique des messages courts est de plus en plus employée de nos jours dans diverses applications telles que l'analyse des sentiments ou la détection des « spams ». Par rapport aux textes traditionnels, les messages courts, comme les tweets et les SMS, posent de nouveaux défis à cause de leur courte taille, leur parcimonie et leur manque de contexte, ce qui rend leur classification plus difficile. Nous présentons dans cette thèse deux nouvelles approches visant à améliorer la classification de ce type de message. Notre première approche est nommée « forêts sémantiques ». Dans le but d'améliorer la qualité des messages, cette approche les enrichit à partir d'une source externe construite au préalable. Puis, pour apprendre un modèle de classification, contrairement à ce qui est traditionnellement utilisé, nous proposons un nouvel algorithme d'apprentissage qui tient compte de la sémantique dans le processus d'induction des forêts aléatoires. Notre deuxième contribution est nommée « IGLM » (Interactive Generic Learning Method). C'est une méthode interactive qui met récursivement à jour les forêts en tenant compte des nouvelles données arrivant au cours du temps, et de l'expertise de l'utilisateur qui corrige les erreurs de classification. L'ensemble de ce mécanisme est renforcé par l'utilisation d'une méthode d'abstraction permettant d'améliorer la qualité des messages. Les différentes expérimentations menées en utilisant ces deux méthodes ont permis de montrer leur efficacité. Enfin, la dernière partie de la thèse est consacrée à une étude complète et argumentée de ces deux prenant en compte des critères variés tels que l'accuracy, la rapidité, etc. / Automatic short text classification is more and more used nowadays in various applications like sentiment analysis or spam detection. Short texts like tweets or SMS are more challenging than traditional texts. Therefore, their classification is more difficult owing to their shortness, sparsity and lack of contextual information. We present two new approaches to improve short text classification. Our first approach is "Semantic Forest". The first step of this approach proposes a new enrichment method that uses an external source of enrichment built in advance. The idea is to transform a short text from few words to a larger text containing more information in order to improve its quality before building the classification model. Contrarily to the methods proposed in the literature, the second step of our approach does not use traditional learning algorithm but proposes a new one based on the semantic links among words in the Random Forest classifier. Our second contribution is "IGLM" (Interactive Generic Learning Method). It is a new interactive approach that recursively updates the classification model by considering the new data arriving over time and by leveraging the user intervention to correct misclassified data. An abstraction method is then combined with the update mechanism to improve short text quality. The experiments performed on these two methods show their efficiency and how they outperform traditional algorithms in short text classification. Finally, the last part of the thesis concerns a complete and argued comparative study of the two proposed methods taking into account various criteria such as accuracy, speed, etc.

Le système répressif français comporte des juridictions ordinaires et des juridictions spécialisées. Dans cette catégorie, on trouve les juridictions spécialisées de droit commun et les juridictions d’attribution. Les juridictions spécialisées de droit commun, créées à partir 1975 sont compétentes en matière d’infractions complexes. Les juridictions d’attribution rassemblent les anciennes formations d’exception et sont dédiées au jugement de délinquants particuliers, les mineurs, les militaires et les membres du gouvernement. La première partie de notre étude est destinée à rechercher comment le législateur procède à l’intégration des formations spécialisées dans le système de droit commun en les soumettant au respect des règles du procès pénal. La seconde partie présente leur mode de fonctionnement et les moyens qui sont mis à leur disposition pour lutter contre les infractions les plus complexes. / The French repressive system comprises ordinary courts and specialized jurisdictions. In this category, one can find the specialized courts of common law and the courts of attribution. The specialized ordinary courts established since 1975 have jurisdiction over complex offenses. The courts of attribution bring together former formations of exception and are dedicated to the judgment of particular offenders, minors, soldiers and members of the government. The first part of our study is intended to as certain how the legislator integrates specialized training in the common law system by subjecting them to respect for the rules of criminal trial. The second part presents their mode of operation and the means that are made available to these formations to combat the most complex infringements.

This thesis concerns the role of constitutional courts in maintaining stability in the country. The thesis first of all introduces the connection between the concepts of stability, security and democracy. With the help of the general theory of disputes and conflicts formed by Shonholtz and the definition of the various roles that courts can play with respect to a political system, this thesis attempts to outline how courts can contribute to security and stability in the country or how they, on the contrary, can disrupt it. In the practical part, the thesis focuses on the region of Latin America. Using the examples from selected countries (Bolivia, Venezuela and Argentina), this work tries to demonstrate the effect of decisions of constitutional courts on stability and security. Crucial in the assessment of their stabilization role is if the courts are able to evoke civic trust in a democratic system and if they have the ability to protect the system effectively. The role of courts in selected cases is assessed using the functional analysis.

Do Constitutional Court's rulings bind lower courts? Doctrinal and empirical perspectives Abstract Czech doctrinal researchers conclude that decisions of the Czech Constitutional Court are - at least in some respect - bind lower courts pro futuro. Although continental legal systems do not officially subscribe to a doctrine of precedent, a quasi-precedential role of the jurisprudence of higher courts is often defended by theorists. However, this theory of quasi-precedent has never been empirically tested in the Czech Republic. This dissertation constitutes a first such attempt as it examines whether courts actually decide in practice according to the jurisprudence of the Czech Constitutional Court. Specifically, it focuses on a guideline decision by the Czech Constitutional Court on parole decisions made in 2018. The guideline decision emphasized that parole decisions - made by courts in the Czech legal system and not by parole boards or committees - constitute a systemic problem since they are poorly reasoned and as a result they are ambiguous and not persuasive. The guideline decision in detail stated what reasons can be used to justify parole decision and how various factors, such as previous convictions, should be interpreted when deciding on parole. This dissertation studies two groups of first-level...

As a result of frequent and flagrant human rights violations by most post-independence African regimes (particularly before the 1990s), the new or substantially revised post-1990 African constitutions entrenched fundamental rights and freedoms. The constitutions of Benin, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and South Africa established constitutional courts with mandates, inter alia, to deal with any disputes involving the violation of these fundamental human rights. Over the last three decades, the constitutional courts of these three countries have produced a considerable body of human rights jurisprudence that has begun to show that legislation and conduct hostile to human rights cannot be tolerated. This study undertakes a comparative appraisal of the extent to which differences between the common law and civil law legal traditions – on which the design of constitutional courts and the recognition of human rights in Benin, the DRC, and South Africa are based – influence the constitutional interpretation of fundamental rights and the possible implications these have for the promotion of a human rights culture. Three decades after the revival of constitutionalism and concerted attempts to protect fundamental human rights in Africa, it is important to assess whether constitutional jurisdictions established to promote and protect the constitutional order against the attacks that were commonplace before 1990s have used their human rights mandate in a progressive and transformative way such that state and non-state actors respect human rights and constitutionalism. Constitutional courts are increasingly imposing limitations on the exercise of political powers and are being used by some individuals to challenge the despotic tendencies of those who undermine the transformative human rights ideals contained in the constitutions of Benin, the DRC and South Africa. This study is primarily comparative in its methodology. It begins by examining possible influences on the nature, scope, and constitutional interpretation of African bills of rights; it then examines the background and approaches to bills of rights in the three countries. In three subsequent chapters, the study critically investigates the quality of the interpretation of equality and non-discrimination, fair trial, and political rights provisions of the constitutions of these three countries in cases brought before their Constitutional Courts. This is followed by a chapter that provides a comparative overview of trends, developments and lessons from the three constitutional courts. In conclusion, the study argues that although differences between the common law and civil law legal traditions significantly influence approaches to bills of rights and the interpretation of human rights by the three constitutional courts, these courts have the potential to improve the quality of their interpretations and learn from each other. More specifically, it is contended that many African countries, especially those operating under the civil law tradition, can learn much from the experience of the South African Constitutional Court. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2021. / Centre for Human Rights / LLD / Restricted

The present study examined felony mental health court and mental health probation used in conjunction and whether those on mental health probation had a reduced rate of rearrest and psychiatric hospitalization as compared to participants on regular probation or not on either form of probation. The research explored whether specific variables predicted a reduced rate of hospitalization and arrest among the participants on mental health probation. Results found mental health probationers did not significantly differ from the probationers in their rate of rearrest, and were rearrested more frequently then participants not on probation. Mental health probationers did not differ significantly from regular probationers or those without probation in psychiatric hospitalization frequency. Within the mental health probationers type of crime, presence of a violent crime, age, gender, education level, history of substance abuse, prescription of psychiatric medication, diagnosis, mental retardation and prior psychiatric hospitalizations did not predict arrest. The above variables also did not predict psychiatric hospitalization, with the exception of a history of psychiatric hospitalization which predicted a higher rate of hospitalization while on mental health probation. Factors influencing these results and limitations of the present study were offered.

In late 19th century America, new schools of criminological thinking asserted that crime had its origins in a complex blend of environmental and social factors rather than in the moral deficiencies of the offender. Partly as a result of this new attitude the handling of offenses by juveniles became differentiated from adult cases, first through the construction of separate penal institutions and, beginning in 1899, through the establishment of courts specializing in juvenile cases. This study was undertaken to examine the attitudes of juvenile probation officers toward the Supreme Court’s Kent, Gault and Winship decisions which made a number of due process procedures mandatory in juvenile cases. Hypotheses were examined which asserted that (1) juvenile probation officers have a generally negative attitude toward due process, (2) probation officers with backgrounds in social work have more negative attitudes toward due process than do their colleagues with other types of backgrounds, and (3) within juvenile probation departments supervisors have more positive attitudes toward due process than do their subordinates.

In the decade of the 1830's, Alexis de Tocqueville published a perceptive analysis of America in the Jacksonian era, which focused upon the customs, manners and intellectual habits of its citizens, and their social condition as seen through its political institutions. He advanced the proposition--a paradox of democracy--that equality of condition was as compatible with tyranny as with freedom. The social consensus, which stemmed from the wide acceptance of doctrine of equality and common wants and interests, when brought to bear upon legislator and judge, public official, juryman, and the non-conforming individual, he termed the "tyranny of the majority."

The problem of juvenile delinquency is one that has received increasing emphasis during the past ten years. The rise and spread of the Coordinating Council Movement, the number of surveys made by public and private agencies on the subject, the increasing number of books published that deal with the problem and the new knowledge that has come from the Child Welfare Centers, the psychiatrists, and the psychologiste have all been noted and used by the various groups of interested citizens. Not only have we seen the rise of leisure time activities that are designed to meet the needs of the individual as well on the exceptional child, but we cannot forget the philosophy behind the present day educational theory that is re- calving more and more emphasis. The development of the guidance program, the new and broader concept of education as "all and any experience that widens the horizons of the ch114", and the on the one work program in Child Welfare Centers have all helped to bring the problem of how to lower the juvenile delinquency rate to the fore.

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