Le fondaparinux (Arixtra®), anticoagulant de la classe des pentasaccharides de synthèse, est le premier inhibiteur d'origine synthétique, spécifique et indirect du facteur Xa de la coagulation. Il résulte de la synthèse chimique de l'unité pentasaccharidique des héparines, capable de se lier à l'antithrombine, une protéine endogène, inhibitrice de la coagulation. Cependant, son utilisation reste limitée par son administration uniquement possible par voie parentérale.L'objectif de ce travail de thèse est de développer une forme orale du fondaparinux en l'associant à un dérivé squalénique. Le squalène, terpénoïde naturel précurseur de la synthèse du cholestérol, possède une très bonne absorption orale (supérieure à 60 %). Dans ce contexte, deux stratégies d'association ont été développées: la première consistant à associer par liaison covalente le fondaparinux à un dérivé squalénique selon le concept de la « squalénisation » et la deuxième à associer par interactions non covalentes le fondaparinux à un dérivé squalénique cationique.Les travaux expérimentaux ont montré que la première stratégie était délicate à mettre en œuvre en raison d'une part de la difficulté à synthétiser un bioconjugué fondaparinux-squalène et d'autre part de la perte de l'activité anticoagulante du fondaparinux. En raison de ces obstacles, le concept de la « squalénisation » n'est pas adapté à ce type de molécule active. En revanche, la deuxième stratégie s'est montrée très prometteuse. Elle a consisté à formuler des nanoparticules par association non covalente du fondaparinux, chargé négativement, à un dérivé squalénique cationique. Cette approche a permis de mettre en évidence l’excellente capacité d'auto-assemblage en milieu aqueux de ces deux composés, liée à l’établissement de deux types d’interactions, électrostatiques et hydrophobes (entre les molécules de squalène). L'absorption orale du fondaparinux a été considérablement augmentée grâce à ce nouveau système nanoparticulaire. Cette nouvelle approche à base de squalène a ainsi montré son efficacité dans l'amélioration de l'administration orale du fondaparinux et pourrait représenter un système thérapeutique potentiel dans le traitement des maladies thromboemboliques. / Since its introduction in the market in 2002, fondaparinux (Arixtra®) is a drug of choice in the anticoagulant therapy. Its structure corresponds to the heparin pentasaccharide sequence that mediates its interaction with the natural plasma inhibitor of coagulation, antithrombin. However, like heparin, its application is limited due its unique administration by parenteral route. The aim of this project is to develop an efficient oral delivery system for fondaparinux by association with a squalene derivative. Squalene, a natural precursor of cholesterol in sterol biosynthesis, is well-known for its excellent oral absorption (i.e. more than 60 %). In this context, two strategies were investigated. The first consisted in achieving a covalent coupling between fondaparinux and a squalene derivative according to the concept of “squalenoylation”. The second was to associate fondaparinux to a cationic squalenoyl derivative by non-covalent association.Experimental work showed that the first strategy was delicate to implement due to the difficulty to synthesize a fondaparinux-squalene bioconjugate and, the loss of the anticoagulant properties of fondaparinux. Because of these obstacles, the concept of "squalenoylation" was not suitable for this type of active molecule. In contrast, the second strategy has been very promising. It consisted in the formulation of a nanoparticulate delivery system by ion-pairing of fondaparinux and a cationic squalenoyl derivative. This approach permitted to highlight the self-assembly of these two compounds in water as monodisperse nanoparticles thanks to electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. Furthermore, the oral absorption of fondaparinux was significantly increased with this new nanoparticulate system. This new squalene-based approach has shown its effectiveness in improving the oral administration of fondaparinux and could be a potential delivery system in the treatment of thromboembolic diseases.

Submitted by Caroline Periotto (carol@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-21T12:53:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseVV.pdf: 2152205 bytes, checksum: cbcb3bfba1aaf9c801ac47859a7bd77a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-23T18:25:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseVV.pdf: 2152205 bytes, checksum: cbcb3bfba1aaf9c801ac47859a7bd77a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-23T18:25:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseVV.pdf: 2152205 bytes, checksum: cbcb3bfba1aaf9c801ac47859a7bd77a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-23T18:25:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseVV.pdf: 2152205 bytes, checksum: cbcb3bfba1aaf9c801ac47859a7bd77a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / The use of lipases in large scale processes is limited due to their high cost. The reuse of the catalyst can contribute to make the enzymatic process more attractive. Hydrophobic supports are the mostly used for lipase immobilization, due to the mechanism of interfacial activation in the presence of hydrophobic interface. However, enzyme physically adsorbed to the support does not allow high operational stability. Therefore, in this work was evaluated the immobilization of commercial lipases from Candida antarctica type B (CALB), Thermomyces lanuginosus (LTL) e Pseudomonas fluorescens (LPF) on hybrid supports, that enable the hydrophobic adsorption, followed by covalent linkage between the adsorbed enzyme and the activated support. Silica was activated with trietoxy(octyl)silane (OCTES), (3-aminopropyl)trietoxysilane (APTES) e 3-glycidyloxypropyl)trimetoxysilane (GPTMS), aiming to produce supports with different functionality, as following: silica containing octyl groups (octyl-silica, OS), octyl and aldehyde groups (octyl-silica-glyoxyl and octyl-silicaaldehyde, OSGlx and OSGlu, respectively), and silica containing octyl and epoxy groups (octyl-silica-epoxy, OSEpx). From adsorption assays using the hydrophobic dye Rose of Bengal it was found that the modification of the silica with OCTES significantly increased the hydrophobicity of all the supports. Silica modified with OCTES groups showed to be 4 times more hydrophobic than non-modified silica. The support OSGlu yielded more active CALB biocatalyst, while OS yielded more active biocatalysts prepared with PFL and TLL. All the biocatalysts showed high stability in tert-butanol, specially CALB immobilized on OSGlu (OSGlu-CALB), maintaining 95% of its initial activity after 168 h at 60 ºC. CALB-OSGlu was successfully used in the synthesis of fructose oleate at 55ºC, yielding up to 70% conversion after 9 cycles of 6 hours, while the commercial biocatalyst Novozyme 435 retained around 53%. TLL and PFL were used in the synthesis of fructose oleate at 35ºC in presence of different amounts of water. All biocatalysts showed excellent performance in the ester synthesis when small amount of water (1%, v/v) was added to the organic phase, except for the lipases immobilized on silica modified with octyl and epoxy groups (OSEpx). Small amount of water increased around 5-times the ester productivity compared to reaction without water. Conversions around 70% were achieved at low temperature (35ºC) and short time of reaction (30 min). These results represent an advance in this field from of industrial point of view, where productivity is a relevant parameter for large-scale processes. Finally, porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL) immobilized on OS was used in the synthesis of xylose oleate and xylose caprilate, because it is the most inexpensive lipase commercially available. The results showed to be promising, because conversions around of 70% were achieved after 2 h of reaction at 60 oC. Generally, this work showed that the chemical modification of the silica surface with different active groups allowed the preparation of biocatalysts with different microenvironment, which exhibits an important role in the activity and stability of the immobilized enzymes. Besides, the biocatalysts prepared in this work showed excellent performance and operational stability in syntheses of sugar esters, showing to have potential for industrial application. / O uso de lipases em larga escala é limitado devido ao seu alto custo. O reuso do biocatalisador contribuiria para tornar o processo custo-efetivo. Suportes hidrofóbicos são os mais utilizados na imobilização de lipases, devido ao mecanismo de ativação interfacial na presença de interfaces hidrofóbicas. Entretanto, o fato da enzima ligar-se fisicamente ao suporte não garante maior estabilidade operacional. Portanto, nesse trabalho foi avaliada a imobilização de lipases comerciais de Candida antarctica tipo B (CALB), Thermomyces lanuginosus (LTL) e Pseudomonas fluorescens (LPF) em suportes híbridos, os quais possibilitam adsorção hidrofóbica, seguida de ligação covalente enzima-suporte. Sílica foi funcionalizada com trietoxi(octil)silano (OCTES), (3-aminopropil)trietoxisilano (APTES) e 3-glicidiloxipropil)trimetoxisilano (GPTMS), para produzir suportes com diferentes funcionalidades: sílica contendo grupos octil (octil-silica, OS), sílica contendo grupos octil e aldeídos (octil-sílica-glioxil e octil-sílica-glutaraldeído, OSGlx e OSGlu, respectivamente) e sílica contendo grupos octil e epóxi (octil-sílica-epóxi, OSEpx). A modificação da sílica com OCTES aumentou significativamente a hidrofobicidade de todos os suportes, observado a partir de ensaios de adsorção do corante hidrofóbico Rosa de Bengala. Sílica modificada com grupos OCTES apresentou hidrofobicidade cerca de quatro vezes superior à apresentada pela sílica não modificada. O suporte OSGlu rendeu biocatalisadores mais ativos para CALB, enquanto OS rendeu biocatalisadores mais ativos para LPF and LTL. Todos os biocatalisadores apresentaram boa estabilidade em terc-butanol, especialmente CALB imobilizada em OSGlu (CALB-OSGlu), retendo em torno de 95 % de sua atividade inicial após 168 h a 60 ºC. CALB-OSGlu foi usada com sucesso na síntese de oleato de frutose a 55ºC, mantendo mais de 70% de conversão após nove ciclos de 6 horas, enquanto para o biocatalisador comercial Novozyme 435 a conversão foi de aproximadamente 53%. LTL e LPF foram aplicados na síntese de oleato de frutose a 35ºC na presença de diferentes percentuais de água. Todos os biocatalisadores mostram excelente desempenho na síntese do éster adicionando-se uma pequena quantidade de água (1%, v/v) na fase orgânica, exceto para as enzimas imobilizadas em OSEpx. A presença de água contribuiu para aumentar em até cinco vezes a produtividade do éster em comparação à reação na ausência de água. Uma conversão de aproximadamente 70% foi alcançada à baixa temperatura (35ºC) e curto período de tempo (30 min). Esses resultados representam um avanço nesta área do ponto de vista industrial, onde a produtividade é um parâmetro relevante para processos em larga escala. Por fim, a lipase do pâncreas de porco (LPP) imobilizada em OS foi empregada na síntese de oleato de xilose e caprilato de xilose, devido ao seu menor custo dentre as lipases disponíveis comercialmente. Os resultados foram expressivos, obtendo-se uma conversão de aproximadamente 70% após 2 h de reação à 60ºC. De modo geral, esse trabalho mostrou que a modificação química da superfície da sílica com diferentes grupos ativos permitiu a preparação de biocatalisadores com diferentes microambientes, exercendo papel importante na atividade e estabilidade das lipases imobilizadas. Além disso, os biocatalisadores preparados neste trabalho apresentaram excelente desempenho e estabilidade operacional em reações de síntese de ésteres de açúcares, mostrando ter potencial para aplicação industrial.