Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1993. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Four formulations of cranberry gels using raw materials manufactured by a variety of different processes were examined for their rheological and textural properties. Generally, with higher treatment temperature and holding times, the gels’ rheological and textural properties improved. Gels were examined 24 hours, 48 hours, and 4 days after being prepared. Gels generally showed some further improvement of gel strength during the storage, particularly for gels that were initially processed for the shortest time at the lowest temperature. The pectin molecular properties of five different types of raw cranberry purees were examined for the effect of processing conditions. Pectin was extracted from each type of puree, yield determined and FT-IR analysis was performed in order to determine degree of esterification of each type of extracted pectin. Degree of esterification ranged from ~60-90%. Puree from fresh fruit and cranberry puree concentrate had the highest yield and degree of esterification, whereas purees from the byproducts of puree processing had lower yields and degree of esterification. Purees exposed to elevated temperatures and prolonged heating times showed signs of hydrolysis.

No description available.

Cranberry tipworm, Dasineura oxycoccana Johnson (a gall‐making fly), disrupts normal growth of cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton) by injuring the apical meristem of shoots or uprights. The impact of larval feeding injury on reproductive parameters of cranberry was determined, from one growing season to next, at upright (Maine and Massachusetts, 2008 ‐ 2009) and plot levels (Massachusetts, 2009 – 2010 and 2010 ‐ 2011). I also estimated the proportions of uprights injured because of tipworm feeding at several cranberry production sites (Massachusetts and Maine) and the proportions of uprights that produced flowers and fruits in the next growing season. Tipworm‐injured uprights tagged at the end of the growing season did not produce floral‐units (following year) across sites in both Massachusetts and Maine. There was significant variation among the sampled sites in the proportions of tipworm‐injured uprights and also in the proportions of uprights with flowers in the next growing season (Massachusetts and Maine). A trend was apparent wherein sites with higher tipworm injury levels had relatively lower flowering proportions in the next growing season. However, sites in Massachusetts did not differ in the proportions of uprights that set fruit and in a replicated study, significant reduction in tipworm injury at plot level (using insecticide) did not impact flower and fruit production in the next growing season. A two‐year field study was carried out at three different locations to determine the impact of tipworm feeding injury on the reproductive and vegetative growth of two cranberry cultivars (‘Howes’ and ‘Stevens’) in Massachusetts. Individual uprights of cranberry exhibited tolerance to natural (tipworm) and simulated apical meristem injury in the current growing season (fruit production) and results were corroborated by a greenhouse study. In the field study, weight of fruit was higher intipworm‐injured uprights as compared with intact control uprights at the sites with Howes. However, majority of injured uprights (tipworm and simulated) did not produce new growth from lateral buds (side‐shoots) before the onset of dormancy. In the next growing season, fewer injured uprights resumed growth and produced flowers as compared with intact uprights at two of the three sites.

This study analyzes tree, soil, and microtopographic patterns present within the Cranberry Glades, a bog wetland complex located in the mountains of West Virginia. The Cranberry Glades are comprised of four open bog meadows, which provide unique habitat to several rare and endangered plant species. However, these meadows are filling in with trees and alder. This research is a study on the factors that may be involved in the processes and patterns influencing tree encroachment into the bog meadows across the open meadow – bog forest ecotone. To determine the patterns of infilling and the potential relationships among the trees, microtopography, and soil conditions, I collected and analyzed data on each of these factors within nine belt transects located across the ecotone. I gathered tree data on the following: location within transect, species, diameter at breast height or diameter at ground level, height class, associated microtopography, and growing conditions on 1,389 trees. Soil samples were gathered across the ecotone and analyzed for percent moisture, pH, and various nutrients and metals. I assessed historical aerial photographs to gain a temporal history on the patterns of infilling. The results indicate that trees decrease in density across the ecotone towards the peatland interior, and that trees are likely to be growing on hummock features and within tree islands. Soil properties resulted in mixed conclusions. The aerial photograph assessment revealed that trees and alders have been steadily encroaching into the open peatlands for at least the past 52 years. The finding of this research lend to increased knowledge on southern peatlands, wetland succession, and the Cranberry Glades Botanical Area. / Master of Science

Considerando que a Proantocianidina e outros componentes do Cranberry possam inibir as metaloproteinases da dentina quando esta é exposta a ação de agentes erosivos e tal fato pode minimizar o desgaste dentinário, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar o efeito protetor in vitro de géis à base de extrato de Cranberry e Proantocianidina em diferentes concentrações, aplicados sobre a dentina posteriormente submetida à erosão. Para tal, 150 espécimes de dentina bovina (4 x 4 mm) foram confeccionados e igualmente divididos em 10 grupos: G1- gel de clorexidina a 0,012%; G2- gel placebo; G3- gel a base de extrato de Cranberry a 0,05%; G4- gel a base de extrato de Cranberry a 1%; G5- gel a base de extrato de Cranberry a 5%; G6- gel a base de extrato de Cranberry a 10%; G7- gel a base de Proantocianidina 0,05%; G8- gel a base de Proantocianidina 1%, G9- gel a base de Proantocianidina 5%; G10- gel a base de Proantocianidina 10%. Os diferentes géis foram aplicados uma única vez sobre os espécimes antes do primeiro desafio erosivo durante 5 minutos. Em seguida, os espécimes foram submetidos a 3 ciclagens erosivas seguidas (imersão em bebida à base de Cola por 5 minutos seguido de imersão em saliva artificial por 3 horas) por dia, durante 5 dias. Após as 3 cilclagens erosivas diárias, os espécimes foram mantidos em saliva artificial por 15 horas. A perfilometria foi utilizada para quantificar o desgaste dentinário (&#x3BC;m). Os dados foram analisados pelo teste ANOVA seguido do teste de Fisher (p<0,05). Os resultados (G1: 15,6 ± 2,4b; G2: 23,1 ± 1,4e; G3: 15,1 ± 2,3b; G4: 20,4 ± 1,9cd; G5: 19,0 ± 2,1ac; G6: 18,7 ± 1,4a; G7: 18,2 ± 1,6a; G8: 21,1 ± 1,2d; G9: 19,2 ± 2,6ac; G10: 15,2 ± 2,5b) mostraram que o gel de Cranberry a 0,05% (G3) e gel de Proantocianidina 10% (G10) apresentaram eficácia estatisticamente significante na redução da erosão dentinária em comparação aos outros grupos analisados. / Considering that Proanthocyanidin and other Cranberrys components might inhibit dentin metalloproteinases exposed to erosive agents and it can prevent dental wear, the aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of Cranberry and Proanthocyanidin gels used in different concentrations on dentin before an erosive challenge. For this purpose, 150 bovine root dentin blocks (4x4mm) were treated by different gels and randomly divided into 10 groups: G1- 0.012% Chlorhexidine Gel (positive control), G2- Placebo gel with no active principle (negative control), G3- 0.05% Cranberry gel, G4- 1% Cranberry gel, G5- 5% Cranberry gel, G6- 10% Cranberry gel, G7- 0.05% Proanthocyanidin gel, G8- 1% Proanthocyanidin gel, G9- 5% Proanthocyanidin gel and G10- 10% Proanthocyanidin gel. The gels were applied over specimens once before the first erosive challenge for 5 minutes. After that, the blocks were subjected to 3 sequential erosive cycles (cola drink for 5 minutes and artificial saliva for 3 hours, each) per day, during 5 days. After 3 daily erosive cycles, the blocks were maintained in artificial saliva for 15 h. Profilometry was used to quantify the dentin wear (&#x3BC;m). Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Fisher\'s test (p<0.05). Results (G1: 15,6 ± 2,4b; G2: 23,1 ± 1,4e; G3: 15,1 ± 2,3b; G4: 20,4 ± 1,9cd; G5: 19,0 ± 2,1ac; G6: 18,7 ± 1,4a; G7: 18,2 ± 1,6a; G8: 21,1 ± 1,2d; G9: 19,2 ± 2,6ac; G10: 15,2 ± 2,5b) showed that 0.05% Cranberry gel (G3) and 10% Proanthocyanidin gel (G10) presented similar results when compared to positive control group (G1), and these three groups showed statistically lowest wear when compared to all other evaluated groups. The results of this study suggest a significant efficacy of Cranberry and Proanthocyanidin gels in preventing wear of dentin subjected to dental erosion in vitro.

Considerando que a Proantocianidina e outros componentes do Cranberry possam inibir as metaloproteinases da dentina quando esta é exposta a ação de agentes erosivos e tal fato pode minimizar o desgaste dentinário, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar o efeito protetor in vitro de géis à base de extrato de Cranberry e Proantocianidina em diferentes concentrações, aplicados sobre a dentina posteriormente submetida à erosão. Para tal, 150 espécimes de dentina bovina (4 x 4 mm) foram confeccionados e igualmente divididos em 10 grupos: G1- gel de clorexidina a 0,012%; G2- gel placebo; G3- gel a base de extrato de Cranberry a 0,05%; G4- gel a base de extrato de Cranberry a 1%; G5- gel a base de extrato de Cranberry a 5%; G6- gel a base de extrato de Cranberry a 10%; G7- gel a base de Proantocianidina 0,05%; G8- gel a base de Proantocianidina 1%, G9- gel a base de Proantocianidina 5%; G10- gel a base de Proantocianidina 10%. Os diferentes géis foram aplicados uma única vez sobre os espécimes antes do primeiro desafio erosivo durante 5 minutos. Em seguida, os espécimes foram submetidos a 3 ciclagens erosivas seguidas (imersão em bebida à base de Cola por 5 minutos seguido de imersão em saliva artificial por 3 horas) por dia, durante 5 dias. Após as 3 cilclagens erosivas diárias, os espécimes foram mantidos em saliva artificial por 15 horas. A perfilometria foi utilizada para quantificar o desgaste dentinário (&#x3BC;m). Os dados foram analisados pelo teste ANOVA seguido do teste de Fisher (p<0,05). Os resultados (G1: 15,6 ± 2,4b; G2: 23,1 ± 1,4e; G3: 15,1 ± 2,3b; G4: 20,4 ± 1,9cd; G5: 19,0 ± 2,1ac; G6: 18,7 ± 1,4a; G7: 18,2 ± 1,6a; G8: 21,1 ± 1,2d; G9: 19,2 ± 2,6ac; G10: 15,2 ± 2,5b) mostraram que o gel de Cranberry a 0,05% (G3) e gel de Proantocianidina 10% (G10) apresentaram eficácia estatisticamente significante na redução da erosão dentinária em comparação aos outros grupos analisados. / Considering that Proanthocyanidin and other Cranberrys components might inhibit dentin metalloproteinases exposed to erosive agents and it can prevent dental wear, the aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of Cranberry and Proanthocyanidin gels used in different concentrations on dentin before an erosive challenge. For this purpose, 150 bovine root dentin blocks (4x4mm) were treated by different gels and randomly divided into 10 groups: G1- 0.012% Chlorhexidine Gel (positive control), G2- Placebo gel with no active principle (negative control), G3- 0.05% Cranberry gel, G4- 1% Cranberry gel, G5- 5% Cranberry gel, G6- 10% Cranberry gel, G7- 0.05% Proanthocyanidin gel, G8- 1% Proanthocyanidin gel, G9- 5% Proanthocyanidin gel and G10- 10% Proanthocyanidin gel. The gels were applied over specimens once before the first erosive challenge for 5 minutes. After that, the blocks were subjected to 3 sequential erosive cycles (cola drink for 5 minutes and artificial saliva for 3 hours, each) per day, during 5 days. After 3 daily erosive cycles, the blocks were maintained in artificial saliva for 15 h. Profilometry was used to quantify the dentin wear (&#x3BC;m). Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Fisher\'s test (p<0.05). Results (G1: 15,6 ± 2,4b; G2: 23,1 ± 1,4e; G3: 15,1 ± 2,3b; G4: 20,4 ± 1,9cd; G5: 19,0 ± 2,1ac; G6: 18,7 ± 1,4a; G7: 18,2 ± 1,6a; G8: 21,1 ± 1,2d; G9: 19,2 ± 2,6ac; G10: 15,2 ± 2,5b) showed that 0.05% Cranberry gel (G3) and 10% Proanthocyanidin gel (G10) presented similar results when compared to positive control group (G1), and these three groups showed statistically lowest wear when compared to all other evaluated groups. The results of this study suggest a significant efficacy of Cranberry and Proanthocyanidin gels in preventing wear of dentin subjected to dental erosion in vitro.

Darbo objektas - VDU Kauno botanikos sodo kolekcijoje auginamos paprastojo putino veislės (išvestos Rusijoje – ‘Krasnaja Grozd‘, ‘Leningradskaja Otbornaja‘, ‘Souzga‘, ‘Zarnica‘, ‘Šukšinskaja‘, Ukrainoje – ‘Kijevskaja Sadovaja‘) ir klonai ‘Zarnica 2‘, ‘Upninkai‘ bei dvi naujos Lietuvoje natūraliai neaptinkamos rūšys V. sargentii ir V. trilobum. Tyrimų tikslas ištirti ir įvertinti Lietuvoje natūraliai augančių ir intradukuotų putinų rūšis ir veisles, jų tinkamumą dekoratyviniam želdinimui ir uogų auginimui. Tikslui pasiekti numatyti uždaviniai: 1.Vertinti Lietuvoje auginamų putinų rūšis ir veisles, 2. Atrinkti ir pasiūlyti tinkamiausias putinų veisles uogų auginimui, 3. Atrinkti ir pasiūlyti tinkamiausias putinų rūšis ir veisles dekoratyvniam želdinimui. Darbui atlikti buvo: išanalizuoti informaciniai šaltiniai ir mokslinė literatūra, nustatytos sezoninio vystymosi ypatybės (fenologiniai stebėjimai), įvykdyti ūglių matavimo stebėjimai, nustatytas putino veislių ir rūšių produktyvumas, įvykdyti biometriniai matavimai jie apdoroti statistiškai. Išsiaiškinta, kad Lietuvoje sėkmingai gali būti auginamas ne tik čia savaime augantis paprastasis putinas, bet ir kitos (intodukuotos) putinų rūšys ir iš jų išvestos veislės. Paprastojo putino veislės ir klonai vaisiuose sukaupia antioksidacinėmis savybėmis pasižyminčių cheminių medžiagų: antocianinų, askorbo rūgšties, karotinoidų, flavonolių. Pagal fenologinių tarpsnių terminus ir vegetacijos laikotarpį galima išskirti ankstyvas... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Work object - VDU Kaunas botanical garden, in which the collection of simple cranberrybushes are cultivated (derived in Russia – ‘Krasnaja Grozd‘, ‘Leningradskaja Otbornaja‘, ‘Souzga‘, ‘Zarnica‘, ‘Šukšinskaja‘, Ukraine – ‘Kijevskaja Sadovaja‘), clones ‘Zarnica 2‘, ‘Upninkai‘ and two new species, which naturally are not growing in Lithuania - V. sargentii and V. Trilobum. Main research goal is to explore and estimate cranberry types and species growing naturally in Lithuania and derived in other countries, their suitability for decorative afforestation and berry cultivation. To achieve this goal fallowing tasks are performed: 1. Estimation of types and species of cranberrybushes growing in Lithuania, 2. Selection and offering the best cranberrybush species for berry cultivation, 3. Estimation and offering the best cranberrybush species for decorative afforestation. These task are performed by analysing literature and scientific articles, by estimating the seasonal evolutional property of cranberrybush, by making measures of growing shoots, by estimating productivity of the cranberrybush species and by making biometrical measures. The research showed, that by side simple cranberrybush Viburnum opulus may other species derived in foreign countries grown and could used for decorative afforestation. The cranberrybushes can be divided to early species as 'Šukšinskaja' and 'Zarnica ', middle species as 'Kijevskaja Sadovaja', 'Upninkai', 'Leningradskaja Otbornaja' 'Zarnica-2'... [to full text]

Master of Science / Department of Clinical Sciences / Greg Grauer / A urinary tract infection (UTI) is defined as a temporary or permanent breach in host defense mechanisms that allows microbes to adhere, multiply, and persist within the urinary tract. Development of a UTI is multi-factorial with bacterial number and virulence and the health status of the patient (normal urogenital tract anatomy and physiology and systemic immunocompetence) playing important roles in determining the outcome. A UTI can involve a single site, such as the renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra, prostate or vagina, or can include multiple sites. Infection of any portion of the urinary tract may increase the likelihood of infection in other locations. Diagnosis of a UTI incorporates findings from the history, physical examination, complete urinalysis, and urine culture. Proper classification and localization of the UTI are important when formulating a treatment regime as well as evaluating treatment success and failure. Most UTI can be successfully managed with appropriate antibiotic treatment; however, bacterial resistance and compromised host defense mechanisms can result in persistent or recurrent infections. In patients with recurrent UTI, identification of underlying predisposing conditions will often improve treatment success. In patients where underlying causes cannot be identified or treated, therapies designed to prevent recurrent UTI may be employed. Proanthrocyanidins found in cranberry juice inhibit E. coli attachment to human uroepithelial cells, impairing bacterial adherence and colonization. These characteristics have encouraged widespread usage of cranberry extract as a prevention strategy for woman predisposed to urinary tract infections. E. coli is a common cause of canine urinary tract infection. Current treatment emphasizes eradication of established infection rather than infection prevention, but increased antibiotic resistance necessitates strategies to prevent infection. We hypothesized that purified cranberry extract (CE) inhibits bacterial adhesion to canine uroepithelial cells. The results of our study show that CE supplementation can reduce adhesion of uropathogenic E. coli to canine uroepithelium and suggests one mechanism by which CE might improve urinary tract health.

"Regular ingestion of American cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) has been traditionally utilized for its health benefits against urinary tract infections. The proanthocyanidins (PACs), in particular, the unique A-type double linkages of PACs present in cranberry, have been identified as the active components. However, A-type PACs and any other active agents have not yet been detected or identified in urine. Additional experiments are required to investigate the inhibitory effects and persistence of cranberry metabolites present in urine collected following CJC consumption, and to determine how these compounds act against uropathogenic Escherichia coli for the prevention of urinary tract infections. Two separate bioassays (a biofilm formation assay and a bacterial cell viability assay) were used to determine the in vitro effect of cranberry juice cocktail (CJC) oral consumption on bacterial anti-adhesion activity in a double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot clinical trial. A single dose of 16 oz. of CJC or a placebo beverage was given to ten healthy women, ages ranging from 18 to 27, and urine samples were collected in the following 48 hours. A washout period of seven days was allowed. Bacteria (Escherichia coli B37, CFT073, BF1023, HB101, and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC43866) were cultured in the urine samples, supplemented with media, and the amount of biofilm formed was measured using a crystal violet absorbance assay in a 96-well plate. In the urine of volunteers who had consumed CJC, biofilm formation was inhibited within 24 hours after CJC consumption, and started to increase after 48 hours by 49-67%. S. aureus showed the least biofilm formation after incubation with post-CJC urine. The results indicated that drinking CJC can be an effective preventive measure for bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation in healthy women. The anti-biofilm activity peaks between 24 and 48 hours after drinking CJC. The viability assay showed that the colony count after culturing in urine collected following consumption of CJC or placebo were not significantly different, implying that CJC works as an inhibitor by blocking bacterial adhesion instead of killing the bacteria or restraining its growth. Another randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover study was conducted to further investigate the molecular-scale effect of cranberry juice metabolites on two P-fimbriated E. coli strains: B37 and CFT 073, as assessed by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Three female subjects were asked to consume 8 oz. CJC or water. The washout period was 7 days. The urine samples were collected at 2, 4 and 6 hours post-ingestion of CJC or water. Urine collected before consumption of CJC was used as a control. For this control urine, the average adhesion force between E. coli and uroepithelial cells was 13.09 ± 11.60 nN for CFT073 and 10.30 ± 5.50 nN for B37. For post-CJC urine treatment, the adhesion forces decreased to 2.94 ± 1.82 nN at 2 hours after consumption then increased slightly to 5.51 ± 2.78 nN at 6 hours after ingestion for CFT073, while they decreased to 4.77 ± 3.33 nN after consuming for 2 hours and seemed to be stable in the next 4 hours following consumption (5.52 ± 4.04 nN after drinking for 4 hours; 5.05 ± 4.42 nN after drinking for 6 hours) for B37. The adhesion forces in post-water consumption urine were similar to those of the background for E. coli B37; meanwhile a downward trend for the adhesion forces in post-water consumption urine compared to the background was observed for E. coli CFT073. However, these adhesion forces in post-water consumption urine were still higher than those measured after CJC consumption at the same time intervals. The mean differences between the cranberry and placebo groups were statistically different according to the two way ANOVA procedure followed by Holm-Sidak test. Our results suggest a significant inhibitory interaction between the daily consumption of 8 oz. cranberry juice and bacterial adhesive activity. These results help form the mechanistic understanding of how cranberry products can be used to prevent bacterial attachment to host tissue, and may lead to new therapeutic strategies to prevent the rising problem of bacteria antibiotic resistance.  "