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This paper provides a credit risk quantification system for banks to estaminate the credit risk of loans to small and mediume nterprises(SMEs). As we know, the most difficult thing for banks to handle SME loans is whose financial reporting lacks transparency and no valuable reference. We use non-financial variables and employ the logisitic regression to develop the credit risk predict model. We concludet: first, when construct a SMEs credit rating system, non-financial factors should be seriously considered and adopted. Second, because of positioned different stage of firm life cycle, the credit rating model should be set up differently by different stage of firm. Third, SME loans should to make much of establishing ¡§relationship-based¡¨ in order to meet the various demands of risk management.

In almost all nations, credit guarantee is an important system that the government relies on to help small and medium enterprises (SMEs) obtain finance and provide guidance to them. In Taiwan, Small and Medium Enterprise Credit Guarantee Fund (SMEG) is an institution mandated by the government to assist SMEs to obtain necessary funds from financial institutions. Although SMEG is a non-profit organization, its financial status still affects its sustainability. Therefore, this paper modifies the model presented by Merrick (2001) and uses data of loans submitted by a domestic bank to SMEG for credit guarantee to estimate probability of default and recovery rate of credit guaranteed loans. As this model quantifies risk of credit guarantee, it can help SMEG calculate the necessary reserve for prepayment in subrogation. In this increasingly complicated financial environment, quality of risk control determines the prosperity or survival of an organization. The proposed model is a feasible risk evaluation model that credit guarantee institutions can utilize to effectively improve their quality of risk control.

<p>Microfinance and micro credits are concepts that are used frequently when talking about poverty reducing actions. This paper is a case study of the poverty alleviation impacts of microfinance institutions and it contrasts the effects of Grameen Bank and Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC) operating in Bangladesh. The case study examines the organisations effects in the 21st century since most of the reports have compared the effects in the past not reflecting on future conditions. The questions at issue are if Grameen Bank and BRAC can affect the poverty status of its members in a positive way and if there is a positive effect, which of the approaches are the best to use? To analyse the non monetary dimension, concepts such as health and education has been used as indicators for poverty reduction and the monetary indicator used is income through employment. Simultaneously economic models and concepts have been considered throughout the paper.</p><p>The findings of this case study implied that both organisations have positive effects on reducing poverty among its members, but BRAC has the broadest view seeing to all factors investigated and therefore its approach is the best to use. Nevertheless, as previous studies have implied sustainability and cost-effectiveness within the microfinance programme is important for the long-run poverty reduction. Evaluating the economic performance of the two organisations Grameen Bank is more efficient in using its resources than BRAC, but Grameen Bank show a decreasing rate of efficiency while BRAC is improving significantly. With this in consideration BRAC is still showing the best poverty reducing result for its members today, but if the organisation does not find a way to improve its economical performance its actions will not be sustainable in the long run.</p>

<p>This thesis deals with export payment. Different payment methods that can be used in order to receive and secure payment when conducting international trade are analysed, and relevant risks and problems are examined. Particular focus is given to export trade with China.</p><p>International trade offers great possibilities for companies, but also risks. There are several risks that should be taken into consideration, for instance the political risk, the exchange risk and the commercial risk. The commercial risk is the seller’s risk of non-payment or late payment and the buyer’s risk of non-delivery or faulty delivery</p><p>Over the last decades the Chinese market has gone through considerable changes and today it is one of the world’s most important markets. The commercial risk is sometimes feared when doing business in China. This is because statements have been made claiming that Chinese buyers are somewhat untrustworthy payers.</p><p>Payment is an essential part of all trade transactions. There are a number of payment methods that can be used in order to receive and secure international payment. Which payment method that should be used depends on the circumstances of the transaction. The documentary credit is a frequently used payment method in interna-tional trade. It offers the exporter security of payment because at least one bank adds its promises to pay.</p> / <p>Denna uppsats behandlar betalning vid export. Olika betalningsmetoder som kan användas för att erhålla och säkerställa betalning analyseras, och relevanta risker och problem studeras. Uppsatsen är särskilt inriktad på Kina.</p><p>Internationell handel medför många möjligheter för företag, men också en ökad risk. Hänsyn måste tas till bland annat den politiska risken, valutarisken och den kommersiella risken. Den kommersiella risken är risken att betalning eller leverans inte sker i enlighet med vad som har avtalats.</p><p>Den kinesiska marknaden har under de senaste årtiondena genomgått en omfattande förändring, och idag är den en av världens viktigaste marknader. Den kommersiella risken är ibland befarad vid kinesisk handel. Detta beror på att det finns en uppfattning att kinesiska köpare ibland kan vara osäkra betalare.</p><p>Betalning är en viktig del av alla handelstransaktioner. Det finns ett antal betalningsmetoder som kan användas för att erhålla och säkerställa internationell betalning. Vilken metod som bör användas beror på omständigheterna vid handelstransaktionen. Remburs är en betalningsmetod som är vanligt förekommande vid internationell handel. Metoden ger exportören betalningssäkerhet eftersom minst en bank garanterar betalningen.</p>

<p>Abstract</p><p>Problem In Sweden, there is currently a debate concerning statutory audit. Different stakeholders debate whether the government should change the legis-lation concerning statutory audit for limited companies below a certain size. A study made by Thorell & Norberg (2005) and other researchers are of the opinion that banks are positive toward statutory audit. We find it very reasonable for banks to have this positive opinion, but we ask ourselves if the importance of the statutory audit is so great that it is reason enough for the banks to be an influential part in the ongoing debate.</p><p>Purpose The purpose of the thesis is to contribute to the debate regarding statutory audit for small limited companies by studying the argument that banks and credit processes benefit from statutory audit.</p><p>Method This study was conducted through a qualitative method. The data was collected by interviewing representatives from three banks. We investigated and compared the process of granting credits for unregistered firms, partnerships and small limited companies. This means that we compared credit processes for companies that are under the regulation of statutory audit and companies that are not.</p><p>Conclusions Based on this study, we agree with Thorell & Norberg (2005), that banks positive attitudes towards statutory audit is based on convenience rather than real benefits. Banks can conduct the same research for small limited companies, as for unregistered firms and partnerships. The personal responsibility for unregistered firms and partnerships is no defence in keeping the statutory audit, because it is of minor importance. As the bank representatives in this study do not know what an audit consist of, we can see no reason for them to say that the statutory audit should be kept. An auditor’s advice can create benefits for the company that is greater than the cost of the audit, but we can not see why the statutory audit should be kept because of this. Company representatives can hire an auditor or an-other advisor whenever he/she wants. Based on the results from this study, we can see no reason to keep the statutory audit for small limited companies, from a bank perspective.</p> / <p>Sammanfattning</p><p>Problem I Sverige pågår en debatt om revisionsplikten. Olika intressenter debatte-rar om regeringen ska ändra lagstiftningen om revisionsplikt för aktiebo-lag under en viss storlek. En studie av Thorell & Norberg (2005) och andra studier visar att banker är positivt inställd till revisionsplikten. Vi anser det vara rimligt att bankerna har denna positiva inställning, men vi ifrågasätter om revisionsplikten är så viktig för bankerna så att de kan vara en inflytelserik aktör i debatten.</p><p>Syfte Syftet med denna uppsats är att bidra till debatten angående revisionsplikten för små aktiebolag genom att undersöka argumentet att banker och kreditgivningsprocesser gynnas av revisionsplikt.</p><p>Metod Studien genomfördes genom en kvalitativ metod. Data insamlades genom intervjuer med tre banker. Vi undersökte och jämförde kreditgivningsprocessen för enskilda firmor, handelsbolag och små aktiebolag. Det innebär att vi jämförde kreditprocessen för både företag som har revisionsplikt på sig och de som inte har det.</p><p>Slutsats Baserat på denna studie, så håller vi med Thorell & Norberg (2005), att bankernas positive inställning till revisionsplikten är baserad på bekvämlighet istället för riktig nytta. Banker kan genomföra samma undersökningar på små aktiebolag som på enskilda firmor och handelsbolag. Bristen på personaligt betalningsansvar i aktiebolag ingen ursäkt för att behålla revisionsplikten, då den enligt bankerna är av mindre betydelse. Eftersom representanterna för bankerna i denna studie inte vet vad som innefattas i en revision, så kan vi inte se att de har någon grund att påstå att revisionsplikten ska vara obligatorisk. Råden från en revisor kan skapa större fördelar än vad kostnaden för revisionen är, men vi kan inte förstå varför man ska behålla revisionsplikten på grund av detta. Företagens representanter kan anlita revisorer eller andra rådgivare ändå. Baserat på resultaten från denna studie så kan vi inte någon anledning till att behålla revisionsplikten för små aktiebolag, ur ett bankperspektiv.</p>

<p> </p><p>This bachelor thesis examines the credit market behaviour in the Scandinavian countries (Sweden, Finland, Denmark and Norway), post financial liberalization, during the late 1980´s and early 1990´s. The explanatory variables used to determine bank lending are the time lags of bank lending, property prices, GDP and interest rates.</p><p>The variables’ impact on bank lending is tested and displayed by using an OLS model,presented by Goodhart and Hofmann (2007), and descriptive statistics.</p><p>The rolling OLS regressions show that during times of financial liberalization, property prices had an increased effect on real bank lending in Sweden and Finland. The same investigation method supports that although positive, property prices’ effect on lending did not increase in Norway and Denmark. Even so, investigations suggest that one should be careful to assume too many similarities between the countries in the causing factors of the crises. The crises occurred roughly during the same time, and the geographical connection is obvious, however each country’s individual factors differed from each other.</p><p> </p>

<p>In this paper we are exploring the field of microfinance; financial services given to poor and low-income individuals who do not have access to formal financial markets. The purpose of our study is to investigate if the Credit with Education program provided by the microfinance institution RCPB in Burkina Faso has had an effect on</p><p>the participating women concerning their empowerment, knowledge about</p><p>management/micro enterprises and knowledge about child nutrition and health. We are using data from two surveys made in 2003 and 2004 by the consultant bureau Sud Consult that we are analysing in a qualitative manner in order to respond to our investigation question. This paper treats theories concerning the financial market and</p><p>the importance of education, health and women’s empowerment. We present facts about microfinance in general and in Burkina Faso in particular and we review earlier studies on the subject. Our findings suggest that the Credit with Education program has achieved to increase the women’s knowledge concerning child nutrition and</p><p>health. The program has had a smaller but still a notable effect concerning the empowerment of the women, specifically in the region of West. The program has failed to increase the knowledge of business management in the years studied. In our analysis we present suggestions of improvements of the program.</p> / <p>Dans ce dossier, nous explorons le domaine de la microfinance ; des services financiers destinés aux populations pauvres et aux individus aux revenus modestes qui n’ont pas accès aux marchés financiers. Le but de notre étude est d’examiner si le crédit avec éducation fournis par l’institution finansière RCPB au Burkina Faso, a eu des répercussions sur la prise de participation des femmes en ce qui concerne leur indépendence, leur connaissance du management/ PME et leur connaissance en matière de nutrition et de santé infantille. Nous utilisons les données de deux études menées en 2003 et 2004 par le cabinet de consulting Sud Consult que nous analysons qualitativement afin de répondre à notre question d’investigation. Ce dossier est basé</p><p>sur les théories concernant le marché financier, l’importance de l’éducation de la santé et de l’indépendance des femmes. Nous abordons les faits du points de vue de la microfinance en général et du Burkina Faso en particulier et nous examinons des études réalisées précedement traitant du même sujet. Nos résultats montrent que le crédit avec l’éducation ont largement participé à l’amélioration des connaissances des femmes en matiéres de nutrition et de santé infantile. Le programme a eu une influence plus modeste sur leur indépendence, particulièrement dans la région de l’ouest. Le programme n’a cependant pas réussi à améliorer leur connaissance du management durant la période analysée. Dans notre analyse nous présentons des propositions d’amélioration pour le programme.</p>