A presente pesquisa tem por tema o estudo da trajetória de uma coleção privada, desde sua formação, por um casal da elite paulistana, até sua publicização, por meio da constituição de uma fundação e de exposições realizadas em instituições afins da cidade de São Paulo. Trata-se da coleção hoje pertencente à Fundação Crespi-Prado, instituição criada, em 1975, por iniciativa de Renata Crespi, viúva de Fábio da Silva Prado (Prefeito de São Paulo entre 1934 e 1938), para incentivar as artes e a cultura e salvaguardar a coleção constituída pelo casal. Ela, filha de um importante industrial italiano imigrado para o Brasil, e ele, membro de uma das mais tradicionais e ricas famílias do Estado de São Paulo, materializaram a união entre novas e velhas elites, dimensão perceptível também em sua coleção. Reunida ao longo da primeira metade do século XX, tal coleção é representativa de uma prática social de colecionismo que se difundia entre os membros da elite da cidade de São Paulo, podendo ser considerada um de seus exemplos mais extensos. Percorrer a formação desta coleção, sua institucionalização e sua posterior musealização é o objetivo principal desta pesquisa, tendo em vista o relevo do casal de colecionadores para a elite paulistana da época e de sua iniciativa de criar uma das poucas fundações da cidade a proteger um legado artístico privado em uma instituição de caráter museológico. / This research studies a private collection, from its gathering, by a couple of the elite of the city of São Paulo, to its publicization, by the constitution of a foundation and the development of exhibitions in similar institutions in the city. The collection in question belongs to the Crespi-Prado Foundation, an institution created in 1975, by the initiative of Renata Crespi, widow of Fábio da Silva Prado (mayor of São Paulo between 1934 and 1938), to promote the Arts and Culture and to safeguard the collection built by the couple. Renata Crespi, daughter of an important Italian industrialist immigrated to Brazil, and her husband, member of one of the oldest and wealthiest families of the State of São Paulo, materialized the union of the new and old elites, a dimension that is perceived in their collection. Assembled during the first half of the 20th century, such collection is representative of a social practice of collecting that was spreading amongst the elite of the city, and can be considered one of its most extensive examples. To study the gathering of this collection, its institutionalization and its further musealization is the main object of this research, considering the role of the collecting couple to the city elite of their time and the importance of their initiative of creating one of the few foundations of the city to preserve a private artistic legacy through an institution of museological character.

A presente pesquisa tem por tema o estudo da trajetória de uma coleção privada, desde sua formação, por um casal da elite paulistana, até sua publicização, por meio da constituição de uma fundação e de exposições realizadas em instituições afins da cidade de São Paulo. Trata-se da coleção hoje pertencente à Fundação Crespi-Prado, instituição criada, em 1975, por iniciativa de Renata Crespi, viúva de Fábio da Silva Prado (Prefeito de São Paulo entre 1934 e 1938), para incentivar as artes e a cultura e salvaguardar a coleção constituída pelo casal. Ela, filha de um importante industrial italiano imigrado para o Brasil, e ele, membro de uma das mais tradicionais e ricas famílias do Estado de São Paulo, materializaram a união entre novas e velhas elites, dimensão perceptível também em sua coleção. Reunida ao longo da primeira metade do século XX, tal coleção é representativa de uma prática social de colecionismo que se difundia entre os membros da elite da cidade de São Paulo, podendo ser considerada um de seus exemplos mais extensos. Percorrer a formação desta coleção, sua institucionalização e sua posterior musealização é o objetivo principal desta pesquisa, tendo em vista o relevo do casal de colecionadores para a elite paulistana da época e de sua iniciativa de criar uma das poucas fundações da cidade a proteger um legado artístico privado em uma instituição de caráter museológico. / This research studies a private collection, from its gathering, by a couple of the elite of the city of São Paulo, to its publicization, by the constitution of a foundation and the development of exhibitions in similar institutions in the city. The collection in question belongs to the Crespi-Prado Foundation, an institution created in 1975, by the initiative of Renata Crespi, widow of Fábio da Silva Prado (mayor of São Paulo between 1934 and 1938), to promote the Arts and Culture and to safeguard the collection built by the couple. Renata Crespi, daughter of an important Italian industrialist immigrated to Brazil, and her husband, member of one of the oldest and wealthiest families of the State of São Paulo, materialized the union of the new and old elites, a dimension that is perceived in their collection. Assembled during the first half of the 20th century, such collection is representative of a social practice of collecting that was spreading amongst the elite of the city, and can be considered one of its most extensive examples. To study the gathering of this collection, its institutionalization and its further musealization is the main object of this research, considering the role of the collecting couple to the city elite of their time and the importance of their initiative of creating one of the few foundations of the city to preserve a private artistic legacy through an institution of museological character.

Based on the examination of the relevant literature and findings from academic survey research, this Master's thesis focuses on the reflection of the political development in public opinion research in China and on the contour of local collective opinion. Its theoretical part stems from James Bryce's theory of the development of public opinion and from the writings of Irving Crespi who noted that the extent and role of public opinion research in different political regimes rely on the acceptance of public opinion in the political process and on the basis of governmental legitimacy. The increasing pluralization of public opinion, which is the result of the processes tied to Chinese economic liberalization and which has been reflected in the official ideology and in the growing emphasis on public opinion polling claimed by the government, is still outweighed by the inclination of the Chinese Confucian society towards authoritarian leadership. The liberalization process is further reflected in the extent of public opinion research; however, recent studies show that the results from public opinion polls are not reported objectively and survey responses of Chinese respondents are strongly influenced by the political regime. KEYWORDS China, public opinion, polls, legitimacy, James Bryce, Irving Crespi

Nuovi dati e considerazioni sulla biografia e gli scritti di Carlo Bianconi che emergono principalmente dallo spoglio di materiale archivistico inedito. Con questo studio viene ad essere chiarita la fase formativa di Bianconi cresciuto in una casa di bibliofili e collezionisti d’arte. Aggiornato sulle elaborazioni teoriche di Winckelmann e Mengs entrambi conosciuti personalmente, lo vedono progressivamente avvicinarsi e aderire ai modi del classicismo, mediato anche dal rapporto instaurato con Francesco Algarotti, a cui viene in questa sede ridato valore. Uno spiraglio viene aperto sul biennio trascorso a Roma, la frequentazione del cardinale Albani e sul viaggio a Napoli con importanti risvolti per la sua maturazione intellettuale. Seguono i motivi della scelta di Bianconi a segretario dell’Accademia di Brera, le sue iniziative a livello didattico e il rapporto con Carlo di Firmian. Vengono, di volta in volta ricordati i suoi numerosi corrispondenti, la sua produzione figurativa e soprattutto commentati i suoi scritti editi (guide di Bologna e Milano) e inediti (Vitruvio, scritti teorici sull’origine dell’architettura e dell’incisione, orazioni) e riconsiderata la collaborazione all’Enciclopedia Metodica di Pietro Zani. Artista, collezionista, scrittore d’arte e insegnante, immerso in una temperie di matrice razionalista è precoce assertore dei dettami del nuovo gusto per il classico. / New information and analysis about Carlo Bianconi’s biography and writings mainly appear from unpublished archival material bare. This work allows to clarify the education of Bianconi, who grew up in a family of bibliophiles and art collectors. He kept abreast of theoretical development of Winckelmann and Mengs, who personally knew and he gradually moved closer and accepted the models of the classicism that was also mediated by the relationship established with Francesco Algarotti, who is here reevaluate. Regarding his two-year period spent in Rome, the relationship with the Cardinal Albani and moreover his trip to Naples, a glimmer is opened, with important implications for his intellectual maturity. Furthermore, there are: the reason regarding the choice of Bianconi as Secretary of the Academy of Brera, his educational initiatives and the relationship with Carlo di Firmian. From time to time, his many correspondents, his figurative works of art and especially his published writings were commented (for example the guide of Bologna and Milan) and his unpublished writings (such as Vitruvius, theoretical writings on the origin of architecture and engraving, orations) are remembered and also the collaboration with the Enciclopedia Metodica of Pietro Zani is reconsidered. Artist, collector, art writer and teacher, immersed in a climate of a Rationalism, he is a early supporter of the new taste for the classic.

This diploma thesis is thematically oriented towards early theories of public opinion of the late 19th century. Concretely, it deals with the theories of Alexis de Tocqueville, John Stuart Mill and James Bryce. The thesis presents an analysis, interpretation and a comparison of these three thinkers and concentrates on the following topics: the definition of the term "public opinion"; the formation of public opinion; the influence individuals, groups and society as a whole have on public opinion; and the role the media play in public opinion. Further, it shows how these authors' thoughts are continued in selected 20th century theories of public opinion, namely in Walter Lippmann's concept of public opinion, the Two-step flow model developed by Elihu Katz and Paul Lazarsfeld, Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann's Spiral of Silence, Irving Crespi's theory of the Public Opinion Process and Giovanni Sartori's "cascade model" of public opinion. Key words: public opinion, media, Two-step flow model, Spiral of Silence, Public Opinion Process, cascade model of public opinion, Alexis de Tocqeuville, John Stuart Mill, James Bryce, W. Lippmann, E. Katz, P. Lazarsfeld, E. Noelle-Neumann, I. Crespi, G. Sartori