Inom ambulanssjukvården ingår det i den vardagliga arbetsmiljön att utsättas för stressiga situationer. Det krävs att ambulanspersonalen är alert, förberedd och flexibel för att hantera det oväntade. Regelbunden exponering för trauman kan bidra till känslomässiga svårigheter. Vilket kräver stöd och hjälp för att hantera de stressreaktioner som kan uppstå till följd av en allvarlig händelse. Syftet var att belysa ambulanspersonals copingstrategier och upplevelse av krisstöd i samband med en allvarlig händelse. Som metod användes en allmän litteraturöversikt där 15 artiklar inkluderades i resultatet. Artikelsökningen gjordes i databaserna PubMed, CINAHL och PsykInfo, resultatet analyserades med hjälp av Forsberg och Wengströms analysprocess. Analysen genererade fem kategorier. I resultatet framkom fem kategorier; Före händelse - förberedande copingstrategier, under händelsen - copingstrategier för omhändertagande, efter händelsen - copingstrategier för bearbetning och upplevelsen av krisstöd, ledning och organisation samt kulturella skillnader. Där framkom det att emotionellt fokuserad coping var den mest förekommande metoden för att hantera stress i samband med en allvarlig händelse. Det mest uppskattade stödet erhölls av en nära kollega, familj eller vänner. Ambulanspersonalen uppgav att det fanns ett missnöje med ledningens stöd och omhändertagande efter en allvarlig händelse. Som slutsats var det huvudsakliga fyndet att ambulanspersonal främst använde sig av emotionellt fokuserad coping och en erfaren kollega var ett viktigt stöd för att hantera stress då de bidrog till en känsla av trygghet, säkerhet samt stärkte kompetensen. Studiens resultat påvisade vikten av tid för återhämtning och reflektion. Litteraturöversikten identifierat en rad olika förbättringsåtgärder såsom ett förbättrat krisstöd samt ett ökat behov av utbildning och kunskap i stresshantering. / In ambulance care, it is part of the everyday work environment to be exposed to stressfulsituations. The ambulance staff is required to be alert, prepared, and flexible to manage theunexpected. Regular exposure to trauma can contribute to emotional difficulties, whichrequires support and help to deal with the stress reactions that can occur because of a seriousincident. The aim was to highlight the ambulance personnel coping strategies and experience of crisissupport in the event of a serious incident. As a method, a general literature review was used where 15 articles were included in theresult. The article search was performed in the databases PubMed, CINAHL and PsykInfo,the results were analyzed with the help of Forsberg and Wengström's analysis process. The analysis generated in five categories. The results revealed five categories; Before the event - preparatory coping strategies, duringthe event - coping strategies for caretaking, after the event - coping strategies for processingand the experience of crisis support, management and organization as well as culturaldifferences. Emotionally focused coping was the most common method when dealing withstress after a serious incident. The most appreciated support was received by a closecolleague, family, or friends. The ambulance staff stated that there was dissatisfaction in themanagement's support and care after a serious incident. In conclusion, the main finding was that ambulance mainly used the emotionally focusedcoping and an experienced colleague as support for managing stress as they contributed to asense of security, safety, and strengthens competence. The results of the study demonstratedthe importance of the need for recovery and reflection. The literature review identified anumber of different improvement measures such as improved crisis support and an increasedneed for training and knowledge in stress management.

The dissertation offers two main topics: To the first an empirical study of the structures of development of juvenile delinquency and to the second an educational concept for interventiones at juvenile deliquency, enriched by practical experiencies and that empirical study. With that a contribution to the pedagogical crimonology should be given. An essential part of the dissertation represents a qualitative longitudinal study. Investigated are the ways of young persons into deliquency and how they succeed in coming back to a conformable style of life. A main attention is directed on typical patterns of treatments and copings of the young persons. Four youthfull action-types are discovered. The episodes of juvenile deliquency turn out differently in dependence to the respective action-type. Both the motives for the deliquent behavior and the ones to refrain from such behavior are mainly determined by the action-types. Corresponding differences can also be shown in regard to the typical reaction manners on interventions and in regard to the acceptance and the effect of supports. The reference to the deliquent behavior might be therefore not arbitrary. Following Nohl and Bönisch the importance and effectiveness of the pedagocical reference and pedagogical relation are emphasized. The manifestation of deliquency can be counteracted with an appropriate pedagogical intervention. These considerations lead to conceptional and methodilogical derivations for the practice of interventions. The intervention-paradox and the necessary differentiation between person and offence are also taken in consideration. / Die Dissertation leistet zweierlei: Zum einen eine empirische Studie zu den Verlaufsstrukturen von Jugenddelinquenz und zum anderen ein aus Praxiserfahrungen und durch die empirische Studie bereichertes pädagogisches Interventionskonzept bei Jugenddelinquenz. Damit soll ein Beitrag zur pädagogischen Kriminologie geleistet werden. Das Kernstück stellt eine qualitative Längsschnittstudie dar. Untersucht werden die Wege junger Menschen in die Delinquenz und wie es ihnen gelingt, in ein konformes Leben zurückzukehren. Ein Hauptaugenmerk richtet sich dabei auf typische Verarbeitungs- und Bewältigungsmuster der Jugendlichen. Dabei lassen sich vier jugendliche Handlungstypen vorfinden. Die Episoden der Jugenddelinquenz gestalten sich in Abhängigkeit zu den jeweiligen Handlungstypen unterschiedlich. Sowohl die Motive für das delinquente Handeln als auch die Beweggründe, von diesem wieder Abstand zu nehmen, werden maßgeblich vom Handlungstyp bestimmt. Entsprechende Unterschiede können auch für die typischen Reaktionsweisen auf Interventionen und für die Akzeptanz und die Auswirkungen von Unterstützungen aufgezeigt werden. Die Bezugnahme auf das delinquente Verhalten darf also nicht beliebig sein. Im Anschluß an Nohl und Böhnisch wird die Wichtigkeit und Verhaltenswirksamkeit des pädagogischen Bezuges und der pädagogischen Beziehung hervorgehoben. Der Verfestigung der Delinquenz kann mit einer angemessenen pädagogischen Intervention entgegengewirkt werden. Diese Überlegungen münden in konzeptionelle und methodische Ableitungen für die Interventionspraxis. Betrachtet wird das Interventionsparadox und die notwendige Trennung zwischen Person und Delikt.

The dissertation offers two main topics: To the first an empirical study of the structures of development of juvenile delinquency and to the second an educational concept for interventiones at juvenile deliquency, enriched by practical experiencies and that empirical study. With that a contribution to the pedagogical crimonology should be given. An essential part of the dissertation represents a qualitative longitudinal study. Investigated are the ways of young persons into deliquency and how they succeed in coming back to a conformable style of life. A main attention is directed on typical patterns of treatments and copings of the young persons. Four youthfull action-types are discovered. The episodes of juvenile deliquency turn out differently in dependence to the respective action-type. Both the motives for the deliquent behavior and the ones to refrain from such behavior are mainly determined by the action-types. Corresponding differences can also be shown in regard to the typical reaction manners on interventions and in regard to the acceptance and the effect of supports. The reference to the deliquent behavior might be therefore not arbitrary. Following Nohl and Bönisch the importance and effectiveness of the pedagocical reference and pedagogical relation are emphasized. The manifestation of deliquency can be counteracted with an appropriate pedagogical intervention. These considerations lead to conceptional and methodilogical derivations for the practice of interventions. The intervention-paradox and the necessary differentiation between person and offence are also taken in consideration. / Die Dissertation leistet zweierlei: Zum einen eine empirische Studie zu den Verlaufsstrukturen von Jugenddelinquenz und zum anderen ein aus Praxiserfahrungen und durch die empirische Studie bereichertes pädagogisches Interventionskonzept bei Jugenddelinquenz. Damit soll ein Beitrag zur pädagogischen Kriminologie geleistet werden. Das Kernstück stellt eine qualitative Längsschnittstudie dar. Untersucht werden die Wege junger Menschen in die Delinquenz und wie es ihnen gelingt, in ein konformes Leben zurückzukehren. Ein Hauptaugenmerk richtet sich dabei auf typische Verarbeitungs- und Bewältigungsmuster der Jugendlichen. Dabei lassen sich vier jugendliche Handlungstypen vorfinden. Die Episoden der Jugenddelinquenz gestalten sich in Abhängigkeit zu den jeweiligen Handlungstypen unterschiedlich. Sowohl die Motive für das delinquente Handeln als auch die Beweggründe, von diesem wieder Abstand zu nehmen, werden maßgeblich vom Handlungstyp bestimmt. Entsprechende Unterschiede können auch für die typischen Reaktionsweisen auf Interventionen und für die Akzeptanz und die Auswirkungen von Unterstützungen aufgezeigt werden. Die Bezugnahme auf das delinquente Verhalten darf also nicht beliebig sein. Im Anschluß an Nohl und Böhnisch wird die Wichtigkeit und Verhaltenswirksamkeit des pädagogischen Bezuges und der pädagogischen Beziehung hervorgehoben. Der Verfestigung der Delinquenz kann mit einer angemessenen pädagogischen Intervention entgegengewirkt werden. Diese Überlegungen münden in konzeptionelle und methodische Ableitungen für die Interventionspraxis. Betrachtet wird das Interventionsparadox und die notwendige Trennung zwischen Person und Delikt.

South Africa is a country steeped in decades of conflict and animosity. Apartheid and its consequences do not simply die: it has created a society struggling for survival. Against the backdrop of a country and its people still experiencing an extended social crisis, these struggles are socially constructed through various forms of aggressive, traumatic and violent behaviours such as crime victimisation. The resultant effect is that many South Africans are traumatised and require assistance to manage and deal with the impact of traumatic exposure. Counselling and psychological services within the South African context are limited, potentially expensive and often inaccessible to the poor. One way to address the needs of victims of crime and violence, is through the establishment of one-stop multidisciplinary crisis centres that specialise in short term crisis intervention service delivery. One such a crisis centre is the Sinoville Crisis Centre (SCC). The purpose of the study is to present an exploratory qualitative and participatory action research account of the SCC's endeavours and ongoing challenges in providing crisis intervention services as well as to serve as a guideline for future development. Research interviews with seven (7) SCC counsellors were complimented with a focus group interview. Subsequent conclusions were grounded in relation to relevant subject theory. Three (3) broad categories of recommendations are provided. Specific recommendations are levelled in relation to: * The SCC's crisis intervention models * The SCC's need to manage organisational change and loss; and * The SCC's role within the Victim Empowerment Programme. / Psychology / M.A. (Psychology)

South Africa is a country steeped in decades of conflict and animosity. Apartheid and its consequences do not simply die: it has created a society struggling for survival. Against the backdrop of a country and its people still experiencing an extended social crisis, these struggles are socially constructed through various forms of aggressive, traumatic and violent behaviours such as crime victimisation. The resultant effect is that many South Africans are traumatised and require assistance to manage and deal with the impact of traumatic exposure. Counselling and psychological services within the South African context are limited, potentially expensive and often inaccessible to the poor. One way to address the needs of victims of crime and violence, is through the establishment of one-stop multidisciplinary crisis centres that specialise in short term crisis intervention service delivery. One such a crisis centre is the Sinoville Crisis Centre (SCC). The purpose of the study is to present an exploratory qualitative and participatory action research account of the SCC's endeavours and ongoing challenges in providing crisis intervention services as well as to serve as a guideline for future development. Research interviews with seven (7) SCC counsellors were complimented with a focus group interview. Subsequent conclusions were grounded in relation to relevant subject theory. Three (3) broad categories of recommendations are provided. Specific recommendations are levelled in relation to: * The SCC's crisis intervention models * The SCC's need to manage organisational change and loss; and * The SCC's role within the Victim Empowerment Programme. / Psychology / M.A. (Psychology)