Quick identification of loblolly pine nutrient deficiencies has troubled foresters who wish to increase productivity through fertilization. In the past, extensive field trials were established that did not allow for quick identification of a large number of possibly limiting nutrients in individual stands. This study used single-tree fertilization with macro-nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S) and micro-nutrients (Mn, Zn, B, Cu, Fe, Mo) to identify deficiencies using foliar techniques in one growing season. Four study sites in TX, AL, GA, and SC were established in loblolly pine plantations at or near canopy closure. Nutrient concentrations relative to the critical level, optimal nutrient ratios, DRIS methodology, vector analysis, and changes in individual fascicle and total current year foliage weight/area were used to identify deficiencies. Phosphorus was repeatedly indicated as most limiting growth at TX while K was implicated at SC. The GA site revealed multiple deficiencies including N, K, and S. The AL site revealed only a very suspect B deficiency. Critical level methodology was effective in identifying deficiencies of N, P, and K, while B, S, and Cu appeared to be available at sufficient quantities when concentrations were below the published critical levels. Concentrations of S were especially below the critical levels and not increased by fertilization indicating that the critical levels were too high. Nutrient ratio interpretability was reduced by luxury uptake of N in comparison to other deficient nutrients. DRIS methodology was hampered by the inability to create effective comparative norms. Deficiency detection with vector analysis created problems when B and Mn displayed greater uptake relative to controls than the macro-nutrients that provided relative foliage mass increases. Resulting diagnosis indicated deficiencies when B and Mn were really taken up as luxury consumption. Vector analysis may not be as effective as its individual parts. Foliage weight/area responses detected fewer deficiencies than the other techniques. No significant foliar responses were seen at the TX or AL sites. However, K at the SC site was identified as deficient by all foliage mass variables, and multiple deficiencies were detectable at the GA site. / Master of Science

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-25T19:30:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Adriano Haliski.pdf: 1087998 bytes, checksum: 06568ec8622f2204e3d6d86c65fa29a8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Nitrogen fertilization can increase the efficiency of surface liming on soil acidity correction and benefit crop production in long term no-till systems. Because the soil organic matter content under no-till is high, especially in the soil surface layers, the aluminum (Al) toxicity may be low, even in high acidity conditions. This study was carried out with the purpose of evaluate the soil chemical attributes, grain yield, and critical levels for the development of soybean after surface application of lime and ammoniacal nitrogen (N-NH4NO3) in crops of autumn-winter predecessors. The experiment was conducted in Ponta Grossa, Parana State, Brazil, on a loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Hapludox (Oxisol) under long term continuous no-till (26 years). The experimental design used was a randomized block, in a split plot arrangement, with three replications. In the plots, were applied, in May 2004, four rates of lime on the soil surface (0, 4, 8, and 12 t ha-1) and, in the subplots, were applied annually, since 2004, four rates of N-NH4NO3 (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg ha-1) in top dressing in the black oat or wheat crops. In crop rotation was used corn, soybeans or beans in the spring-summer season and black oat or wheat in the autumn-winter season. Soybean was sown in November 2007 (cv. CD 214 RR), 2009 (cv. CD 206 RR), 2010 (cv. BMX Apolo RR), 2012 (cv. NA 5909 RG), and 2013 (cv. BMX Ativa RR). Soil samples were collected annually before soybean sowing at the 0–0.05, 0.05–0.10, and 0.10–0.20 m depths. Surface liming increased pH and the contents of exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+, and reduced the content of exchangeable Al3+ to a depth of 0.20 m. Nitrogen fertilization reduced pH and the contents of exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+, especially to a depth of 0.10 m, and increased the content of exchangeable Al3+ to a depth of 0.20 m. Surface application of lime increased the soybean grain yields for all N-NH4NO3 rates used in black oat or wheat crops. In unlimed plots, acidification caused by nitrogen fertilization severely limited the soybean grain yield. The critical levels of pH in CaCl2, base saturation, exchangeable Al3+, and Al3+ saturation in the 0–0.20 m layer for soybean production were 4.9, 33%, 8.0 mmolc dm-3, and 30%, respectively. Surface application of lime proved to be a key practice to ensure high soybean yields when high ammoniacal fertilizer rates are applied frequently in no-till systems. / A adubação nitrogenada pode aumentar a eficiência da calagem superficial na correção da acidez do solo e beneficiar a produção das culturas em longo prazo no sistema plantio direto. Como no sistema plantio direto os teores de matéria orgânica são elevados, especialmente nas camadas superficiais do solo, a toxicidade de alumínio (Al) pode ser baixa, mesmo em condições de alta acidez. Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar as alterações químicas do solo, a produtividade, e os níveis críticos para o desenvolvimento da cultura da soja após aplicação superficial de calcário e de nitrogênio amoniacal (N–NH4NO3) nas culturas antecessoras de outono–inverno. O experimento foi realizado em Ponta Grossa (PR), em um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico textura média manejado há 26 anos sob plantio direto no momento da instalação. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, em parcelas subdivididas, com três repetições. Nas parcelas, foram aplicadas, em maio de 2004, quatro doses de calcário dolomítico na superfície (0, 4, 8 e 12 t ha-1) e, nas subparcelas, foram aplicadas, anualmente, desde 2004, quatro doses de N–NH4NO3 (0, 60, 120 e 180 kg ha-1) em cobertura nas culturas de aveia preta ou trigo. Na rotação de culturas foram utilizados milho, soja ou feijão na estação de primavera–verão e aveia preta ou trigo na estação de outono–inverno. A soja foi cultivada em novembro de 2007 (cv. CD 214 RR), 2009 (cv. CD 206 RR), 2010 (cv. BMX Apolo RR), 2012 (cv. NA 5909 RG) e 2013 (cv. BMX Ativa RR). Amostras de solo foram coletadas anualmente, antes da semeadura de soja, nas camadas de 0–0,05, 0,05–0,10 e 0,10– 0,20 m. A aplicação superficial de calcário elevou o pH e os teores de Ca2+ e Mg2+ trocáveis, e reduziu o teor de Al3+ trocável até a profundidade de 0,20 m. A adubação nitrogenada diminuiu o pH e os teores de Ca2+ e Mg2+ trocáveis, principalmente até a profundidade de 0,10 m, e elevou o teor de Al3+ trocável até a profundidade de 0,20 m. A aplicação superficial de calcário aumentou a produtividade de grãos de soja para todas as doses de N–NH4NO3 empregadas nas culturas de aveia preta ou trigo. Nas parcelas sem calagem, a acidificação provocada pela adubação nitrogenada limitou severamente a produtividade de grãos de soja. Os níveis críticos de pH em CaCl2, saturação por bases, Al3+ trocável e saturação por Al 3+, na camada de 0–0,20 m, para a produção de soja foram 4,9, 33%, 8,0 mmolc dm-3 e 30%, respectivamente. A calagem na superfície mostrou ser uma prática fundamental para garantir altos tetos de produtividade de soja quando altas doses de nitrogênio amoniacal são aplicadas com frequência no sistema plantio direto.