El presente trabajo tiene como finalidad el desarrollo e implementación de un modelo de negocio escalable capaz de desafiar el mercado peruano mediante las diversas estrategias basadas en alianzas con los socios claves y aprovechamiento de los medios digitales. Se trata de un emprendimiento llamado Grow It que busca fomentar hábitos para llevar una vida saludable, para ello los usuarios tendrán una experiencia de cultivo desde la comodidad de su hogar. Este ofrecerá biohuertos domésticos adaptables al espacio con el que se cuente en casa y con semillas de fácil cuidado. El proyecto en mención tiene como finalidad reemplazar el proceso de compra estándar a acceder a un estilo de vida saludable al cual se podrá acceder sin tener que salir de casa. Para ello, estará dirigido a mujeres y hombres, de cualquier estado civil, entre 25-55 años con NSE A y B que les gusta tener un estilo de vida saludable, que consumen alimentos orgánicos y les interesa la idea de contar con un minihuerto en su hogar y desarrollar una experiencia de cultivo en casa. Para el análisis de viabilidad de propuesta se realizaron diversos experimentos para sustentar la propuesta de negocio y su rentabilidad. Asimismo, se realizaron validaciones de la venta de biohuertos e interacciones con el cliente por medio de sus redes sociales. Se recibió una potencial acogida a la propuesta innovadora, ya que se observó que varias personas estaban interesadas en tener esta experiencia única de cultivo en su hogar. Por último, el valor actual de la empresa asciende a un total de S/152,768.93, esto indica que el proyecto es rentable. Respecto al período de recupero de inversión, se estima que será en el año 2 en el mes de abril. Asimismo, de acuerdo con el flujo de caja libre, se puede analizar que desde el primer año se obtendrán ganancias. / The present project has the proposal of develop and implement a scalable business that could be able to challenge the Peruvian market through many strategies bases in alliances with the different partners like suppliers, clients and others stakeholders, and also, taking advantage of the different networking that now a days we have. It´s about an entrepreneurship calling Grow It, which the principal aim is to foment and increase the healthy nutrition in the population giving to them a harvest experience from their own home. Grow It, offer domestics orchards adaptable to the space of the different houses and apartments that every consumer has and also, the seeds that we offer are easier to care that the usual. Likewise, this product gives to the consumer the possibility to have their own vegetables and fruits without the necessity to go out and at the same time, it allows to maintain a healthy life and nutrition. The target market will be women and men with anyone civil status, that are between 25 to 55 years old, are in the A or B socio-economic level and they like or are interesting in maintain a healthy life and want to have a cropping experience in their house. For the viability analysis, the group designed and did different experiments to support the idea and the profitability of our project. Besides, we did validations of the purchase attempt and the final sales with the backing of our social networks: Facebook and Instagram. The project received a potential reception of the proposal because many people that are part of the target market send us direct messages asking for the price, how does the product works and other aspects. Finally, the Net Present Value of the project it´s S/152,768.93. This means, that Grow It generate value in the market. Also, the payback will be in the year 2, on April. In the same way, according to the Cash Flow, we will obtain profits since year 1. / Trabajo de investigación

Most of the western United States faces increasing water shortages in the coming years, which will prove a major challenge for maintaining sustainable farms. Incorporating an alternative crop that is well adapted to the projected climate could be a successful approach to increasing the sustainability of farms in the region. Quinoa, Chenopodium quinoa Willd., may be an ideal alternative crop to meet the demands of the Intermountain West. Before widespread adoption of this novel crop can occur, best management strategies need to be documented. This paper provides research on cropping systems, irrigation rates, and weed competition with quinoa. Additionally, the impacts of prior cropping history and compost addition on soil health parameters are presented. Quinoa responded to compost addition in an organic cropping system trial where low soil phosphorous was a limiting nutrient. Cover crops, 70% hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.) and 30% winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), provided sufficient nitrogen inputs for the following quinoa crop. In response to a line source irrigation trial, varieties showed optimal irrigation rate from 23- 42 cm of water for biomass accumulation, although no seed was produced by any variety. In a greenhouse weed trial, quinoa was less impacted by the presence of any other species, lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.), red root pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) and green foxtail (Setaria viridis), suggesting a high competitive advantage. Finally, organically managed soil increased soil health indicators, including microbial biomass and resistance to stress, regardless of compost addition. In addition, compost increased soil health indicators in conventionally managed soil. Seed set across all field trials was hindered by peak summer temperatures above 32°C, a known temperature sensitivity threshold during flowering for the varieties tested. Therefore, further work to select adapted varieties for the region must be accomplished before widespread adoption is feasible. An integrated approach involving a locallyadapted novel crop and soil health protection promises to increase future farm sustainability.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地域研究) / 甲第18394号 / 地博第163号 / 新制||地||55(附属図書館) / 31252 / 京都大学大学院アジア・アフリカ地域研究研究科東南アジア地域研究専攻 / (主査)准教授 安藤 和雄, 教授 小林 繁男, 准教授 竹田 晋也 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Area Studies / Kyoto University / DGAM

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This study compares the energy costs of synthesizing, distributing, and applying manufactured nitrogen fertilizer to the overall energy costs associated with nitrogen-fixing legume production and use. The energetics of com silage and com grain production under standard and alternative practices are examined. Economic analyses of crop production practices are used to aid the selection of recommended alternative practices. In corn silage production, cover-cropped treatments had a significant advantage over standard practice treatments in terms of overall energy expenditures for field operations. Cover-cropped no-till treatments required an average energy expenditure of 9026 MJ/ha compared to 19,763 MJ/ha required by the standard-practice no-till treatment. Cover-cropped treatments that used disking to kill the cover crops required an average energy expenditure of 9781 MJ/ha compared to 18,488 MJ /ha required by the standard-practice winter-fallow treatment. Alternative-practice treatments that utilized vetches to provide nitrogen for com production performed significantly better than standard-practice treatments in terms of energy use per unit of crop output. In addition, the alternative hairy vetch - no-till treatment produced a $33/ha greater average net revenue than the standard-practice no-till treatment. Weed control energy requirements for cover-cropped ridge-tillage com grain production were compared. Broadcast application of pre-emergence herbicides required an energy expenditure of 1160 MJ fha. Cultivation of ridges to control weeds consumed 380 MJ/ha. Economic costs of ridge cultivation were $14/ha. Broadcast application of pre-emergence herbicides cost $49/ha. / Master of Science

Plant-parasitic nematodes represent a substantial constraint on global food security by reducing the yield potential of all major crops, including soybean (Glycine max L.). The soybean cyst nematode (SCN) (Heterodera glycines I.) is widely distributed across all soybean production areas of the US, and is the major yield-limiting factor, especially in the Midwestern US. Double cropping (DC) is defined as producing more than one crop on the same parcel of land in a single growing season. Compared to conventional single annual crops, DC provides many advantages, including improving soil health, enhanced nutrient provisioning to plants, improvement of soil physical properties, control of erosion, decrease in tillage requirements, and enhanced profitability. In some double-cropping systems, soybean is planted following winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and several reports suggest the potential of wheat to suppress SCN populations. Field trials were conducted from 2017 to 2018 to investigate the effect of wheat on SCN populations in double-cropping soybean. Nine fields with three levels of initial SCN populations (low, moderate, and high) were selected in Illinois. Wheat was planted in strips alternating with strips-maintained weed-free and under fallow over winter and early spring. Soybean was planted in all strips after the wheat harvest. Soybean cyst nematode egg densities were acquired at four time points: wheat establishment, post-wheat/pre-soybean, mid-soybean (R1 growth stage or beginning of flowering), and post-soybean harvest. Wheat strips reduced SCN egg densities compared with fallow strips at the R1 stage (−31.8%) and after soybean harvest (−32.7%). Field locations with noted SCN suppression were selected for a metagenomics study. The structure of fungal communities differed significantly between DC and fallow plots at soybean planting and after harvest (P<0.001). Fungal populations were affected by location at all sampling times and by treatments before planting and after soybean harvest. Several enriched fungal and bacterial taxa in wheat plots, including Mortierella, Exophiala, Conocybe, Rhizobacter spp., and others, were previously reported to parasitize SCN and other plant-parasitic nematodes. Knowing that phytocompounds with potential nematicidal activity are released via the root system of plants, we implemented a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) pipeline to investigate the profile of phytochemicals in soil samples collected from these fields and reviewed the potential nematicidal activity of compounds with higher concentration in double cropping fields. A total of 51 compounds were detected with the GSMS analysis, 8 with unknown identification. Several compounds, including multiple fatty acids, had greater relative peak areas in double-cropping samples compared to fallow. This multi-approach study provides a better understanding of the mechanisms governing wheat's effect on SCN populations. Rather than a single mechanism, the suppression of SCN in soybean fields double-cropped with winter wheat is potentially linked to enriched microbial communities, increased populations of beneficial organisms, and higher concentrations of phytochemicals with nematicidal activity. This is the first study implementing metagenomics and GCMS to characterize soil microbial and chemical profiles in soybean fields double-cropped with winter wheat. Finally, a set of studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of two seed-applied succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHI) compounds, fluopyram and pydiflumetofen, on SCN population densities, plant injury, and plant growth. Next-generation sequencing was later employed to identify transcriptomic shifts in gene expression profiles of soybean seedlings treated with fluopyram and pydiflumetofen. Fluopyram reduced both SCN egg and cyst counts in comparison to pydiflumetofen and the untreated control. RNA expression patterns of seed treatments clustered by sampling time (5 DAP vs 10 DAP). Multiple DEGs identified in soybean seedlings treated with fluopyram are reported to be linked to systemic resistance, suggesting a role of systemic resistance on the suppression of SCN by fluopyram. The non-target inhibition of soybean succinate dehydrogenase genes by fluopyram may be the origin of the phytotoxicity symptoms observed and potentially the cause of the systemic resistance activation reported in the current study. To our knowledge, this is the first report of systemic resistance being activated by fluopyram in addition to the suppression of soybean succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and ubiquinone oxidoreductase genes. This work helps to elucidate the mechanisms of suppression of SCN by fluopyram

Strawberry is an economically important crop in California, with an estimated value of $2.68 billion in 2023. In California strawberry production, mitigation of low plant health and yield often focuses on major soilborne pathogens, while the contribution of minor pathogens and abiotic disorders to production shortcomings are often overlooked. The objectives of the first project in this thesis are to determine the pathogenicity of multiple minor pathogens and quantify other biotic and abiotic factors that can reduce plant health such as viruses and soil salinity. Two pathogens of the black root rot complex, Pythium spp. and Rhizoctonia spp. as well as Neopestalotiopsis rosae are included in this study. The pathogens were identified using ITS DNA sequencing and evaluated for optimal colony growth temperatures. Over the course of two trials, Koch's postulates of P. ultimum and P. irregulare isolates were confirmed for pathogenicity of strawberry roots and crowns, Rhizoctonia spp. isolates were confirmed over 2 trials for pathogenicity of strawberry roots and crowns, and Neopestalotiopsis rosae isolates were confirmed for pathogenicity of strawberry crowns, leaves, and fruit. In 2022 and 2023, 60 root zone soil samples of symptomatic plants that tested negative for major soilborne pathogens were evaluated for electrical conductivity (ECe). Average soil ECe was 1.17 dS/m ranging between 0.18 and 2.45 dS/m, categorizing all samples as non- or slightly-saline except for two which were moderately-saline. Virus testing between 2022 and 2024 diagnosed eight positive samples out of 38 total samples: three in 2022 for Beet pseudo-yellows, two samples in 2023 for Strawberry mild yellow edge and Strawberry polerovirus 1 and one for Strawberry polerovirus 1, and two samples in 2024 for Beet pseudo-yellows. The results from this study suggest that while the tested minor pathogens can infect and reduce strawberry plant health, it is unlikely they are the sole cause of the observed plant mortality from recent diagnostic samples. Additionally, the low to moderate soil salinity levels and infrequent positive virus diagnostics are also not likely the sole cause of observed plant mortality. Future research into these topics could focus on the combination of major and minor pathogens as well as abiotic disorders to decipher how each factor affects plant health. Additionally, Macrophomina phaseolina (MP), an important soilborne pathogen in California strawberry production, was observed to cause 29.7%-52.0% of late-season strawberry mortality in major strawberry growing districts in recent surveys. The objective of the study of this thesis is to assess the efficacy of crop termination and cover cropping on MP suppression to reduce disease incidence of Macrophomina root rot and improve strawberry yield and soil health. Studies were conducted using conventional field soil as a pot trial and a field trial, as well as an organic field trial. The greenhouse pot trial utilized strawberry cultivars Albion and Royal Royce planted in soil collected from a conventional grower field in the Santa Maria district in a randomized complete block design. Treatments included untreated control soil (C), untreated control soil planted with wheat (W) 'Summit 515’ (C+W), soil fumigated with metam potassium (crop termination) planted with wheat (CT+W), and soil fumigated with metam potassium (crop termination) and chloropicrin (flat fumigation) (CT+FF). Plant infection and soil pathogen levels were assessed via plating on semi-selective media and using a pour plate method, respectively. Two repetitions of the trial were conducted. There was no significant soil treatment × cultivar interaction or cultivar effects in trial 1 and 2 for the MP CFU/g soil, but there was a significant soil treatment effect in the MP CFU/g soil of both trials (P = 0.0001). The trial 1 CT+W treatment had the highest-level MP CFU/g soil, which descended in significance to C+W, then C, and then finally CT+FF. In trial 2 CT+W had a significantly higher MP CFU/g soil value than the other treatments, while C and C+W were comparable to each other and both higher than CT+FF. Chemical soil evaluations for mineralizable carbon (MinC) and permanganate oxidizable carbon (POXC) were also performed. Trial 1 C+W had a significantly higher MinC value than CT+FF, while C and CT+W were comparable with both treatments. In the trial 2 MinC soil test the soil treatment × cultivar interaction and the main effects were not statistically significant. In trial 1 and trial 2 POXC soil tests the soil treatment × cultivar interaction and the main effects were not statistically significant. The second year of this study took place in the field and soil samples were collected pre- and post-soil treatments of CT, CT+W, CT+Triticale ‘Pacheco’ (T), CT+W+FF, and CT+T+FF to be evaluated for MP CFU/g soil. T was added as a cover crop treatment to compare a triticale variety to wheat as well as its prevalence as a cover crop in California. There was a significant soil treatment effect (P = 0.02) with post-cover crop wheat treatment having a significantly higher MP CFU/g soil than post-cover crop triticale. The strawberry cultivar Portola was planted after fumigation across all cover crop blocks. Additionally, an organic strawberry field trial compared wheat and triticale cover crops for MP suppression with strawberry cultivars Valiant and Monterey. Soil and plants were tested in the same manner as the pot trial. MP CFU/g soil, MinC, and POXC were not significantly different between soil treatments. Preliminary results suggest single season cover cropping cannot manage high pathogen levels, while crop termination can reduce the pathogen inoculum if the application is timed correctly. The completion of this project will include plant mortality evaluations and microbiome analyses from the field trials. This research aims to help the California strawberry industry by enhancing disease management and reducing fumigant use.

Successive cropping of two vegetable crops grown on the same site in one season utilizing trickle irrigation, plastic mulch, and soil fumigation was performed in two separate experiments. In 1980, cabbage (Brassicae olericea L. var capitata cv. Market Prize) was followed by tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill cv. Pik Red). In 1981, cabbage was followed by broccoli (Brassicae oleracea L. var italica cv. Green Duke). Double cropping increased the annual productivity of the research plots both years and decreased production costs by 35% compared to conventional single cropping systems. Early spring planting of the first crop was essential for economic production of the second crop. Trickle irrigation increased yields of all crops grown and was the factor most responsible for yield response both years. Black plastic mulch increased yields of tomato and total yields in 1980 but cole crops showed no significant yield response to mulch either year. No difference in crop yield resulted from soil fumigation either year. Increased production costs have caused growers to seek improved methods to offset risks and costs involved. Trickle irrigation can reduce the risks involved in producing vegetables and is particularly suited to multiple cropping on plastic mulch. / Master of Science

Forty lines, 20 determinate and 20 indeterminate, from four soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) crosses were evaluated under full-season and double cropping conditions to compare the performance of the two plant types under both cropping systems. The parents and selected lines were in the range of Maturity Groups IV and V. In 1980, the lines were planted 1 July in a replicated test at Warsaw, VA while in 1981 these lines were planted in three replicated tests on 11 June and 8 July at Warsaw and on 12 June at Orange, VA. Both June plantings were considered full-season. Standard cultivars in 1980 included 'Essex', 'Williams', and 'Crawford'. 'Bay' and 'Will' were added in 1981. Yields were similar in 1980 for both plant types with the determinates yielding 10.1 q/ha and the indeterminates yielding 9.9 q/ha. In 1981, the yields were similar for both types at Orange with the determinates and indeterminates yielding 26.4 and 26.5 respectively. The types were significantly different in the 11 June planting at Warsaw, with yields of 28. 6 and 28. 0 q/ha for the determinate and indeterminate lines, respectively. The opposite was observed for the 8 July planting in which the indeterminates yielded 21.2 q/ha and the determinates yielded 20.8 q/ha. A comparison of the two determinate and indeterminate lines with the highest yields in both 1981 Warsaw plantings showed that indeterminates were more adaptable to double cropping, though high yielding lines of both types were present. The high yielding indeterminates of the 8 July planting had a tendency to be taller and more erect than the determinates, an attribute desirable for double cropping. Lines that were highest yielding in the 11 June planting were ranked lower in the 8 July planting and vice versa. Spearman' s rank correlation for yield in the two Warsaw plantings had a coefficient of 0. 23, indicating a high degree of specific adaptation to the two environments. Selection of better adapted lines for double cropping appears feasible. The indeterminate trait appears to make some contributions to this adaptation. / Ph. D.