<p>Denna rapport behandlar mitt examensarbete som genomfördes i samarbete med Haldex</p><p>Brake AB. Haldex Brake AB håller på och utvecklare en ny generation broms åt lastbilar.</p><p>Uppdraget bestod av tre delar. Att ta fram lösningsförslag som säkerhetsställer beläggjärnets</p><p>placering i förhållande ett beläggjärn så kallad Cross-beam. Att säkerställa att bultar monteras</p><p>med rätt åtdragningsmoment på 230Nm. Den sista tredjedelen av arbetet bestod i att</p><p>presentera lösningar som helt eller delvis eliminerar oljud, när olika komponenter med spel,</p><p>slår i delar i okhuset.</p><p>I projektet har flera olika principkonstruktioner tagits fram och genom Freddy Olsson</p><p>utvärderingsmallar har sedan en primärkonstruktion utarbetats fram.</p><p>I dem andra två resterande projektdelarna belyses lösningarna väldigt generellt av den</p><p>anledningen att det kräver specialkomponenter.</p>

Denna rapport behandlar mitt examensarbete som genomfördes i samarbete med Haldex Brake AB. Haldex Brake AB håller på och utvecklare en ny generation broms åt lastbilar. Uppdraget bestod av tre delar. Att ta fram lösningsförslag som säkerhetsställer beläggjärnets placering i förhållande ett beläggjärn så kallad Cross-beam. Att säkerställa att bultar monteras med rätt åtdragningsmoment på 230Nm. Den sista tredjedelen av arbetet bestod i att presentera lösningar som helt eller delvis eliminerar oljud, när olika komponenter med spel, slår i delar i okhuset. I projektet har flera olika principkonstruktioner tagits fram och genom Freddy Olsson utvärderingsmallar har sedan en primärkonstruktion utarbetats fram. I dem andra två resterande projektdelarna belyses lösningarna väldigt generellt av den anledningen att det kräver specialkomponenter.

Ce manuscrit présente une nouvelle formulation de l’Interaction Laser-Plasma (ILP) à l’échelle hydrodynamique, qui couple la dynamique du plasma avec les processus d’ILP linéaires et non-linéaires. Le modèle standard du tracé de rayon (Ray-Tracing), basé sur l’Optique Géométrique, est peu adapté pour modéliser l’ILP non-linéaire car la distribution de l’intensité laser dans le plasma n’est pas directement disponible. Nous proposons un modèle alternatif spécifiquement formulé pour un code hydrodynamique Lagrangien, basé sur l’Optique Géométrique Complexe Paraxiale qui décrit la propagation de faisceaux Gaussiens. Cette méthode est ensuite adaptée à la description de faisceaux laser non Gaussiens, et permet de reproduire la statistique d’intensité, l’enveloppe et le contraste de faisceaux lissés par une Lame de Phase. Nous proposons des modèles en ligne pour décrire l’échange d’énergie entre faisceaux croisés (CBET) et la génération d’électrons rapides par l’ILP non-linéaire, en utilisant PCGO. Le modèle en ligne de CBET est validé par comparaison avec un code de propagation d’une onde électromagnétique paraxial conventionnel dans le cas d’un plasma inhomogène en vitesse. Un bon accord est trouvé après une période transitoire de l’ordre de la picoseconde, notamment en ce qui concerne la distribution spatiale de l’intensité laser et des perturbations de densité du plasma. Ce modèle appliqué à une configuration d’attaque directe de Fusion par Confinement Inertiel (FCI) montre que le CBET réduit le couplage laser-cible, réduit le facteur de convergence, et amplifie les modes basse fréquence de déformation de la capsule. Le modèle de génération d’électrons rapides par l’ILP non-linéaire modélise les propriétés des faisceaux d’électrons rapides, i.e. leur flux, énergie moyenne, dispersions angulaire et direction, à partir de l’intensité laser prédite par PCGO et à partir d’expressions simplifiées, basées sur des modèles théoriques et des lois d’échelles obtenues à l’aide de simulations cinétiques. La propagation et le dépôt d’énergie par les électrons rapides est décrite à partir d’une approximation de diffusion angulaire adaptée en deux dimensions, pour des faisceaux de profil transverse d’intensité Gaussien, de distribution d’énergie exponentielle et d’ouverture angulaire arbitraire. Ce modèle couplé rend compte de (i) la compétition pour l’énergie laser entre les différentes instabilités et avec l’absorption collisionnelle, (ii) le couplage entre l’ILP non-linéaire et la dynamique du plasma à travers les faisceaux d’électrons rapides, et(iii) la perte de couplage laser-plasma due à la diffusion Raman arrière. Les performances de ce modèle sont évaluées par comparaisons avec des expériences d’allumage par choc conduites sur les installations laser Omega et Pals. Ce modèle multi-échelle est ensuite utilisé pour interpréter plusieurs expériences. On trouve notamment que les électrons générés par l’ILP non-linéaire augmentent la vitesse du choc et la pression en aval de ce dernier, tout en réduisant sa force et la pression d’ablation. Une application à la phase fortement non-linéaire de l’allumage par choc en FCI suggère que ces électrons sont néfastes pour l’implosion de la capsule en ce qui concerne les cibles conventionnelles : ceux-ci causent une augmentation de la masse du point chaud et des pertes radiatives. Ce modèle peut être appliqué à la modélisation hydrodynamique des expériences laser-cible de physique des hautes densités d’énergie pour les régimes d’interaction pertinents pour les instabilités évoquées ci dessus. / This manuscript presents a novel formulation of the Laser-Plasma Interaction (LPI) at hydrodynamical scales, that couples the plasma dynamics with linear and nonlinear LPI processes. The standard Ray Tracing model, based on Geometrical Optics, is not well suited for that purpose because it does not readily describe the laser intensity distribution in plasma. We propose an alternative model formulated for a Lagrangian hydrodynamic code. It is based on the ray-based Paraxial Complex Geometrical Optics (PCGO) that describes Gaussian optical beamlets. A method for modeling non-Gaussian laser beams smoothed by Phase Plates is presented, that allows to create intensity variations that reproduce the beam envelope, contrast and high-intensity statistics predicted by paraxial laser propagation codes. We propose inline reduced models for the non-linear laser-plasma interaction, in the case of the Cross-Beam Energy Transfer (CBET) and the generation of Hot Electrons (HE). The inline CBET model is validated against a time-dependent conventional paraxial electromagnetic wave propagation code, in a well-defined plasma configuration with density and velocity profiles corresponding to an inhomogeneous plasma. Good agreement is found past a transient period on the picosecond time scale, notably for the spatial distribution of density perturbations and laser intensities in the interaction region. Application of the model to a direct-drive Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) configuration shows that CBET significantly degrades the irradiation symmetry by amplifying low frequency modes and reducing the laser-capsule coupling efficiency, ultimately leading to large modulations of the shell areal density and lower convergence ratios. The LPI/HE model predicts the HE fluxes, temperatures, angular dispersion and direction from the laser intensity of PCGO beamlets from simplified expressions based on theoretical models and scaling laws obtained in kinetic simulations. The HE beams propagation and energy deposition in plasma is described in the angular scattering approximation, adapted to two-dimensional, transversally Gaussian, multigroup HE beams of arbitrary angular distribution. This model accounts for (i) competition for the laser energy between the various instabilities and with the linear collisional absorption, (ii) coupling between nonlinear LPIs and plasma dynamics via the high energy electron beams and(iii) loss of coupling due to backscattered Raman light. Its performance is confirmed by comparison with measurements of shock timing, laser absorption, HE fluxes and temperatures in experiments conducted on Omega and Pals laser facilities. This multiscale inline LPI-HE model is used to interpret several Shock Ignition experiments. It is found that HEs from parametric instabilities significantly increase the shock pressure and velocity in the target, while decreasing its strength and the overall ablation pressure. Applications to the high-intensity regime of shock ignition ICF suggest that HEs generated by the nonlinear LPI are nefarious to the capsule implosion in conventional target designs, as they lead to a dramatic increase in the hotspot mass and losses by Bremsstrahlung radiation. This model is readily applicable to hydrodynamic description of laser-target experiments of High Energy Density Physics, in the interaction regimes involving the above-mentioned non-linear LPI processes.

This thesis deal with the construction proposal of the moving bolster hydraulic try-out press with roll-up cover the bottom cross beam. Hydraulic try-out press is used for testing dies. Moving bolster is used for remove of testing die from the working area of the press. Roll-up cover is designed to protect the bottom cross beam against damage and dirt snapping. Part of this thesis is design a railway track, design of driving mechanism, strength calculation of all functional components, design of welded frame and mechanism of the roll-up cover including safety cover. Designed device is detail proposed in the 3D software. The thesis contains drawing documentation assembly drawings movig bolster, mechanism of roll-up cover and welded frame consisting of welded and machined parts.

The final thesis is focused on design of road bridge over a railway track. The design is processed in tree options - a cast-in-place concrete structure, brigde as a haunched beam and a prefabricated ginger bridge. The third option was chosen. To model the structure and to obtain the internal forces is used FEM computational software Scia Engineer 15.1. All calculations were performed in accordance with Eurokode.

The subject of this diploma thesis is the design of a load–bearing structure, whitch is situated in the extravillain between the town of Chomutov and the village Křimov. Main purpose of this structure is to pass a roadway I/7 across the valley. There are three options of design and one of them – the prestressed box girder bridge with slanted walls is chosen for more detailed elaboration. The major load–bearing structure is five–span with lenghts 46.50 + 58.00 + 58.00 + 58.00 + 46.50 m, made of post–tensioned nad cast–in–place concrete. The total lenght of load–bearing structure is 269.00 m and the width of load–bearing structure is 13.50 m, the bridge is straight in plan. The structure is analyzed by several computational models, which are designed in Scia Engineer 20.0 software. The structure is analysed in longitudinal and cross directions. The assessments of load state limit and usability limit state are made according to valid standards. This thesis also included time dependent analysis (TDA), that takes construction stage analysis into account.

The aim of the Diploma Thesis is elaboration of study of bridge crossing over the Svitava river and ČD railway track in Blansko. It concerns a five-pole steel beam road bridge with through-span which carries road of the third category. The static system of the construction is solved as solid-web beam of 1.3 meters height which is in three middle spans reinforced by truss construction with top chord and system of diagonals without verticals. The height of the main beam where reinforced by trusswork is 4.75 meters. The width of spans in the road axis is 18.5 + 30.525 + 44.4 + 30.525 + 18,5 metres. The bridge deck consists of steel cross beams bonded with reinforced concrete slab of 200 millimeters of thickness. The drive-through width of the roadway is 7.0 meters. The bridge is fitted with right-sided walkway placed on steel cantilevers. The walk-through width of the walkway is 3.0 meters. Material used is S355 Steel, C30/37 Concrete and S460 Steel which is used for marginal spans of the bridge. Load-bearing construction is assessed in compliance with current technical requirements laid down by European Directives, so called “Eurocodes”. The calculation of inner powers is performed using the Scia Engineer 2013.1 software.

The thesis deals with design of strengthening of existing bridge structure near the village Holýšov using modern method of additional presstresing. The bridge over the river of Radbuza is h-shaped beam bridge, which was built in 1924. In the present state its load capacity is under the limits for bridges situated on first-class roads. Original documentation of the bridge does not exist, the main source of information about construction details is the diagnostics research. The method of reinforcement by post-tensioning by cables in substituted cable ducts is highly efective in terms of the incerease the load capacity of existing bridge structure. The design of strengthening and the final load capacity was verified by static calculation.