Hannover, Universiẗat, Diss., 2000.

No description available.

No description available.

The IgE response increased in hosts infected with Angiostrongylus cantonensis. This study analyzes IgE responses appeared in different body fluids of mice infected with A. cantonensis. BALB/c, CBA, C57BL/6 and C57BL/10 strain of mice were used in the experiment. BALB/c mice exhibited the highest susceptibility to A. cantonensis, CBA mice showed intermediate susceptibility, while C57BL/6 and C57BL/10 mice showed the lowest susceptibility. Analyses of specific antibodies against L5 antigens, and ES antigens in mice showed antibodies appeared in sera and in cerebrospinal fluids(CSF), especially IgE antibodies, were related to the worm rejection happened in mouse brain. However, antibodies appeared in ascites had no influence. The level of IgE increased in brain of susceptible BALB/c mice is much lower than that increased in other strain. Our data suggested that IgE response elicited in brain might be much more important than that in serum. Western blot analyses showed that among antigens extracted from L5 both IgE and IgG responses were positive in CSF. IgE antibodies against a 105 kDa protein of L5 antigen in C57BL/10 mice appeared in third week after infection, while in BALB/c mice appeared in fifth week. IgG antibodies against 105 kDa protein appeared in the identical weeks. Our results indicated that 105 kDa protein was related to specific antibodies responses about protective function of mice infected with A. cantonensis. Further researches will be required to understand function and characterization of this protein.

Freie Universiẗat, Diss., 2005--Berlin. / Dateiformat: zip, Dateien im PDF-Format. Erscheinungsjahr an der Haupttitelstelle: 2004.

No description available.

Les macrophages associés aux tumeurs (TAM) orchestrent l'inflammation nécessaire à la croissance tumorale (propriétés de type M1) et favorisent les métastases et l'angiogenèse (caractéristiques de type M2). Cependant, la nature des facteurs capables de conférer des propriétés M1 et M2 aux macrophages humains demeure inconnue. L'acide lactique (AL) est un métabolite produit par les cellules tumorales connu pour moduler les fonctions des cellules présentes dans le microenvironnement tumoral. Dans cette étude, nous avons analysé son impact sur la différenciation des monocytes humains. Les résultats montrent que l’AL induit la différentiation des monocytes (cultivées en présence de GM-CSF) en macrophages présentant un phénotype atypique (CD14high CD163high IL-10low IL-12low) et, de manière intéressante, des caractéristiques phénotypiques M1 (production de cytokines inflammatoires) et M2 (production de facteurs de croissance, expression de gènes prototypiques M2). Un profil similaire est obtenu lorsque les monocytes sont cultivés avec des cellules cancéreuses primaires glycolytiques. Ces effets de l'AL sur la polarisation des macrophages nécessitent l'entrée du lactate dans les cellules (via le transporteur MCT-1) et son oxydation en pyruvate et sont médiés par une stabilisation de HIF-1α et une consommation autocrine de M-CSF.Ces résultats (i) identifient l'AL comme un médiateur induisant la génération de macrophages humains présentant des caractéristiques M2 et des propriétés inflammatoires et (ii) renforcent l'intérêt de l’utilisation des inhibiteurs de la glycolyse aérobie pour moduler les fonctions des TAM. / In established tumors, tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) orchestrate unresolving cancer-related inflammation (M1-related properties) and favor tumor development, metastasis and angiogenesis (M2-like properties). However, to date, the nature of the polarization factor(s) able to confer M1 and M2 functional properties to human macrophages remains unknown.Lactic acid (LA), a metabolite produced at high levels in most established tumors, can impact the phenotype and functions of cells present in the tumor microenvironment. In this study, we analyzed the impact of LA on the human monocyte differentiation. Results showed that LA skews monocytes (differentiated in the presence of GM-CSF) into macrophages (GM+LA-Mφ) exhibiting an atypical CD14high CD163high IL-10low IL-12low phenotype. Interestingly they harbor M1 and M2 phenotypic features, as assessed the production of a wide variety of inflammatory and growth factors and the expression of prototypic M2-like genes. A similar profile is induced by culturing monocytes with glycolytic human primary cancer cells. These effects of LA on macrophage polarization require the entry of lactate into the cells (via the monocarboxylate transporter 1) and its oxidation into pyruvate and are mediated via HIF-1α stabilization and autocrine M-CSF consumption by differentiating cells. These results identify tumor-derived LA as a missing link reconciling the M2-like features of TAM with their inflammatory properties. They also reinforce the interest of aerobic glycolysis inhibitors to modulate the functions of TAM.

Neuroinflammation and excitotoxicity are frequently regarded as the classical hallmarks of all major central nervous system (CNS) diseases such as stroke and neurodegenerative disorders. However, the limited number of current clinical options for the treatment of these diseases and the side effects associated with these treatment options indicate that there is an urgent and important need to develop drugs that delay neurological diseases. Although the molecular mechanisms underlying these neurological diseases remain poorly understood, it is widely accepted that alterations in microglia function is the key causative factor. It was recently reported that granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and a natural marine compound, GB9, show great potential as anti-inflammatory agents. In the present study, we used a model of neuroinflammation to investigate the neuroprotective effects of G-CSF and GB9, and whether they exert an anti-neuroinflammatory effect on IFN-£^-stimulated microglia (BV2). Our results revealed that both G-CSF and GB9 attenuate the upregulation of proinflammatory mediators such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in IFN-£^-stimulated microglia. Furthermore, Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses revealed that G-CSF or GB9 prevent downregulation of the glutamate transporter (Glu-Asp transporter, GLAST) and activation of the glutamate receptor in the IFN-£^-stimulated microglia. Additionally, our in vivo analyses revealed that centrally administered G-CSF could reverse the increase of OX-42 immunoactivity, which is the marker of IFN-£^-stimulated microglia. In summary, our findings support the hypotheses that G-CSF and the marine compound, GB9, possess anti-neuroinflammatory properties and could be pursued as potential therapeutic agents for CNS diseases.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Large-scale genome-wide association studies for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have identified more than 20 risk loci and several pathways including lipid metabolism. Lipids are fundamental to cellular structure and organization, where they compose biological bilayer membranes surrounding the cell. In their structural role, lipids provide a scaffold for cell signaling, such as neurotransmission. There is a large body of evidence linking lipids and AD, yet the relationship between AD pathogenesis and lipid dyshomeostasis is not well understood. Here, we performed manual PubMed searches to identify the most studied lipid classes and risk genes in AD. We discussed pathological alterations of the key lipids and their potential contribution to the recent NIA-AA “A/T/N” framework. We also summarized what is known between the key lipids and etiological hypotheses of AD. Finally, we characterized relationship of the key lipids with AD genomic risk factors to identify possible downstream mechanisms of lipid dysfunction in AD. There is a large body of evidence linking lipids and AD, yet the relationship between AD pathogenesis and lipid dyshomeostasis is not well understood. In particular, we investigated the association between triglyceride (TG) species and AD. The overall goal was to test the hypothesis that TGs would associate with AD endophenotypes, based on their fatty acid composition. Diagnostic groups (cognitively normal older adults (CN), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and AD) differed on two principal components extracted from 84 serum TG levels. Fish oil-type and olive oil-type TGs were significantly lower in MCI and AD compared to CN. Next, association analysis of TG principal components with “A/T/N/V” (amyloid-β, tau, neurodegeneration, and cerebrovascular) biomarkers for AD showed that the fish oil-type and olive oil-type TGs were also significantly associated with atrophy on MRI. Finally, a mixed model regression analysis investigated the association between baseline TGs and longitudinal changes of AD endophenotypes to show that olive oil-type TGs predicted changes in AD brain atrophy. Our results indicate that a specific subcategory of TGs is associated with an early prodromal stage of cognitive impairment and early-stage biomarkers for AD, providing the foundation for future therapeutic development related to TG metabolism. / 2023-05-05

Der Granulozyten-Makrophagen Kolonie-stimulierende Faktor (GM-CSF) spielt eine zentrale Rolle in entzündlichen Prozessen. Die Behandlung mit Antikörpern, die murines GM-CSF neutralisieren, zeigte signifikante Behandlungseffekte in Maus-Modellen für Rheumatoide Arthritis, Autoimmune Enzephalomyelitis, entzündliche Erkrankungen der Lunge und Psoriasis. Diese Arbeit beschreibt die Generierung des ersten vollständig humanen Einzelketten (scFv)-Antikörpers, der effektiv humanes GM-CSF (hGM-CSF) neutralisiert. Dieser humane scFv-Antikörper wurde mit Hilfe der Phage-Display-Technologie, ausgehend von einem monoklonalen Ratten-Antikörper mit hGM-CSF-neutralisierender Aktivität, konstruiert. In einem ersten Schritt wurde die VH-Domäne des parentalen Ratten-Antikörpers mit einem humanen leichte Ketten V-Repertoire kombiniert. Nach Phage-Display-Selektion wurde ein dominanter Klon identifiziert, der für ein chimäres Ratte/Human scFv-Fragment kodiert. Dieser scFv-Antikörper neutralisiert hGM-CSF mit einer halbmaximalen inhibitorischen Konzentration (IC50) im nanomolaren Bereich. Die humane leichte Kette dieses Klons wurde dann mit einem humanen schwere Ketten V-Repertoire kombiniert. Um die Bindungsspezifität des Ursprungsantikörpers für den neutralisierenden Bereich auf dem Antigen zu erhalten, enthielt dieses Repertoire die Komplementaritäts-bestimmende Region 3 (CDR3) der parentalen VH-Domäne. Nach Phage-Display-Selektion wurden mehrere scFv-Antikörper identifiziert, die hGM-CSF im niedrig nanomolaren Konzentrationsbereich neutralisierten. Das scFv-Fragment mit der höchsten hGM-CSF-neutralisierenden Aktivität (3077) wurde in verschiedene therapeutisch relevante Antikörperformate überführt. Zum einen wurde das scFv-Fragment über einen zusätzlichen C-terminalen Cystein-Rest an ein verzweigtes, 40 kD-grosses Polyethylenglycol (PEG) –Polymer konjugiert. Zum anderen wurde das scFv-Fragment durch Fusion mit humanen konstanten Immunglobulin-Domänen zu einem ganzen IgG1/kappa-Antikörper vervollständigt. Die so generierten Konstrukte mit identischer Spezifität wurden dann in vitro im Hinblick auf Bindungsaffinität, Neutralisierungsaktivität und Stabilität untersucht. Die Konjugation des PEG-Polymers hatte einen vernachlässigbaren Effekt auf das Neutralisierungspotential des scFv-Fragments in vitro, obwohl sie aufgrund einer verlangsamten Assoziationsrate eine reduzierte Bindungsaffinität verursachte. Der humane IgG1-Antikörper zeigte sowohl eine verbesserte Bindungsaffinität als auch eine erhöhte Neutralisierungsaktivität im Vergleich zum nicht-PEGylierten wie auch zum PEGylierten scFv-Fragment. Wir konnten außerdem zeigen, dass die PEGylierung in der thermischen Stabilität des scFv-Antikörpers einen deutlichen Anstieg um 10°C vermittelte. Aufgrund der hohen Neutralisierungsaktivität und Stabilität des IgG1-Antikörpers 3077 wie auch des PEGylierten scFv-Fragments 3077 sind beide Moleküle - in unterschiedlichen klinischen Anwendungsbereichen - potentielle Kandidaten für eine Behandlung humaner entzündlicher Erkrankungen. / Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) plays a central role in inflammatory processes. Treatment with antibodies neutralizing murine GM-CSF showed significant effects in mouse models of rheumatoid arthritis, lung inflammation, autoimmune encephalomyelitis and psoriasis. This work describes the generation of the first human single-chain antibody (scFv) potently neutralizing human GM-CSF (hGM-CSF). This human scFv fragment was constructed by phage display technology starting from a rat monoclonal antibody with hGM-CSF neutralizing activity. In a first step the VH domain of the parental rat antibody was combined with a human light chain variable (V) repertoire. After phage display selection one dominant clone was identified which encoded a chimeric rat/human scFv antibody neutralizing hGM CSF with a low nanomolar half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50). The human light chain of this clone was then combined with a human heavy chain V repertoire. The latter preserved the complementary determining region (CDR) 3 of the parental rat VH domain to retain binding specificity to the neutralizing binding area on the antigen. After phage display selection, several human single-chain antibody fragments were identified that efficiently neutralized human GM-CSF at low nanomolar concentrations. The most potent GM-CSF neutralizing human scFv fragment (3077) was further engineered to different antibody formats with relevance for therapeutic application. On the one hand, the scFv fragment was conjugated to a branched 40 kDa polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymer via an additional C-terminal cysteine residue. On the other hand, the scFv fragment was converted to a human IgG1/kappa-antibody by fusion with human constant immunoglobulin domains. The naked scFv, the PEGylated scFv and the IgG antibody of identical specificity were then compared to each other in terms of binding affinity, neutralizing activity and stability in vitro. PEG conjugation had a neglegible effect on the in vitro neutralizing potential of the scFv fragment although it caused a significant drop in binding affinity due to a reduced on-rate. The human IgG1 antibody variant showed an improved equilibrium dissociation constant as well as neutralizing activity superior to the non-PEGylated and the PEGylated scFv fragment. We also demonstrated that PEGylation mediates a significant increase in thermal stability of about 10°C as compared to the naked scFv fragment. Because of the high neutralizing activity and stability the IgG1 3077 antibody as well as the PEGylated scFv fragment 3077 both are - in different clinical settings - potential candidates to treat pro-inflammatory human diseases.