No description available.

Foram propostos, no projeto, estudos da interação de compostos modelos de antocianinas (íons hidroxiflavílios e hidroxi/metoxiflavílios sintéticos) com íons metálicos e com copigmentos orgânicos, bem como uma busca de sinergia na complexação ternária destes modelos de antocianinas com íons inorgânicos e copigmentos orgânicos. A partir dos resultados obtidos, pretendeu-se modelar e entender as interações antocianina - íon metálico - copigmento envolvidas na estabilização da cor de antocianinas in natura. Para realizar os estudos, quatro compostos modelos os cloretos dos íons 7,8-diidroxi-4-metilflavílio (DHMF), 8-hidroxi-4-metil-7-metoxiflavílio (HMMF), 3\',4\'-diidroxi-7-metoxiflavílio (B-DHMF) e 7,3\',4\'-trimetoxiflavílio (B-TMF) foram sintetizados. Todas as estruturas apresentam hidroxilas e/ou metoxilas vicinais (estruturas tipo catecol). Além de sua síntese e caracterização, foram estudadas as propriedades fotofísicas e as espécies presentes em solução quantificadas, de acordo com os multiequilíbrios aos quais estes compostos estão submetidos. Nos estudos de complexação por um íon metálico, o Al3+, foram determinadas estequiometrias de 1:1, 2:3 e 1:3 (relação flavílio:Al3+), dependendo da metodologia adotada. As constantes de complexação foram estimadas na ordem de 104 a 105 M-x, onde x depende da estequiometria determinada. A segunda etapa envolveu a interação com copigmentos orgânicos, tais como os ácidos p-cumárico (PCA), ferúlico (FRA), sinápico (SNA), vanílico (VNA) e siríngico (SRA). Utilizando espectroscopia de absorção e de fluorescência, determinaram-se estequiometrias de 1:1 para todos os pares pigmento-copigmento. As constantes dos equilíbrios também foram estimadas sem diferenças significativas entre os pares, embora a afinidade do flavílio pelos derivados de acido cinâmico seja ligeiramente maior. Com relação à base quinonoidal, em pHs em torno de 5,0, foram observadas interações menores, tendo sido concluído que os ácidos fenólicos estabilizam melhor a forma catiônica. A estabilidade do cátion flavílio frente à hidratação na presença destes copigmentos foi avaliada e, em comparação com a estabilidade promovida pelos íons Al3+ ou pela cucurbit[7]urila, é pouco significativa. Finalmente, a terceira etapa envolveu o estudo dos complexos ternários. Observaram-se diferenças na estabilização do cátion flavílio dependendo das concentrações dos dois tipos de copigmento - concentrações maiores de Al3+ foram requeridas para estabilizar o B-DHMF em comparação ao sistema supramolecular formado com DHMF. A partir destes estudos, foi concluído que a presença do copigmento orgânico, embora em pequena extensão, também é responsável pela manutenção da cor, quando envolvido no complexo ternário, evidenciando comportamento sinérgico. Como parte integrante do projeto, um trabalho em colaboração com o grupo da Profa Cornelia Bohne, na University of Victoria (UVic), no Canadá, foi desenvolvido, envolvendo a determinação das constantes de equilíbrio e de velocidade de uma reação do tipo hóspede-hospedeiro, entre um íon flavílio (B-TMF) e um composto orgânico cíclico (hospedeiro), a curcubit[7]urila - CB[7]. A estequiometria da reação foi determinada como 1:2 (B-TMF:CB[7]) sendo que concentrações de CB[7] suficientes para formar o complexo 1:2 promovem uma estabilização da forma catiônica do flavílio nunca vista antes, em pHs em que a reação de hidratação ocorre. / The proposal of this project was to study the reactions of model compounds of anthocyanins (synthetic hydroxyl- and hydroxyl/methoxyflavylium ions), with metal ions, as well as organic copigments or both, in a ternary complex. With results obtained from these systems, it was intended to propose mechanisms and understand how this structure - flavylium ion-metal ion-organic copigment - enables maintenance of the color of anthocyanins in natura. This study would provide information to investigate and search for evidence of synergic effect in the stabilization of these model compounds. Four model compounds were synthesized for the study - chloride salts of 7,8-dihydroxy-4-methylflavylium (DHMF), 8-hydroxy-4-methyl-7-methoxyflavylium (HMMF), 3\',4\'-dihydroxy-7-methoxyflavylium (B-DHMF) and 7,3\',4\'-trimethoxyflavylium (B-TMF). Each one of those compounds presents a catechol-like structure, with bounded hydroxyl and/or methoxy in vicinal positions. The main aims were to synthesize, characterize and study photophysical properties, with a view to determine the concentration of multiequilibria species according to the pH of the medium. The first step was an investigation of metallic complexes produced with Al3+ ions. The stoichiometries were determined as 1:1, 2:3 and 1:3 (flavylium:Al3+), depending on the methodology adopted. Complexation constants were estimated between 104 and 105 M-x, where x represents stoichiometry. A second step was the study of interaction of flavylium ions and organic copigments, such as the following phenolic acids: para-coumaric acid (PCA), ferulic acid (FRA), sinapic acid (SNA), vanilic acid (VNA) and siryngic acid (SRA). Using absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, a stoichiometry of 1:1 for each of the pigment:copigment pairs was found. Equilibrium constants were determined, and there was no significant differences considering the structures of flavylium ions, although for cinnamic acid derivatives the constants found are slightly larger. The same reactions studied in pH of about 5.0, showed that affinities between the cationic forms and the phenolic acids are larger in comparison to the bases. The stability of the cation regarding the hydration reaction is much smaller in the presence of these organic acids than in the presence of Al3+ or cucurbit[7]uril. At last, the third step involved both types of copigment - metal ions and organic acids - in a supramolecular assembly with flavylium ions. It was observed that different concentrations of the two types of copigments studied are required for B-DHMF and DHMF to stabilize the cationic form; much larger concentrations of Al3+ in the complex in which B-DHMF are involved. It was also concluded that the presence of organic copigments, less representatively, are necessary for the maintenance of the color, an evidence of synergic behaviour. An additional study, which was not in the scope of the project, but did provide another source of flavylium stabilization, was the reaction inclusion of B-TMF with CB[7] cucurbit[7]uril. This step was developed in collaboration with Prof. Cornelia Bohne, at the University of Victoria (UVic), Canada. It consisted of the determination of the equilibrium and kinetic constants of this host-guest system, in which the flavylium cation interacts as the guest for the macrocyclic host. It was proposed a sequential 1:2 (B-TMF:CB[7]) mechanism that provides an alternative to avoid the hydration reaction of B-TMF, where CB[7] must be present in concentrations large enough to form the 1:2 complex.

The recently discovered cucurbit[n]uril are a range of macrocyclic hosts which have enormous potential in industrial, medical and academic applications. Cucurbit[n]uril have a rigid repeating structure of methylene bridged glycouril, which give cucurbit[n]uril their gourd like shape of a cavity with two carbonyl fringed portals. In this thesis the host-guest binding abilities of three cucurbit[n]uril (n = 6, 7, 8) have been examined for a range of potential guests. These guests ranged from simple alkyl amines through globular alkyl and carboranyl amines to bipyridyl systems. In total 45 guest molecules where examined. Most of the guests examined where either cationically charged, capable of hydrogen binding, contained a substantial molecular dipole, or a combination of these. Furthermore, all of the potential guests examined had some solubility in an acidified aqueous sodium sulfate solution within which the host-guest properties were examined. It was generally found that the larger guests did have selectivity for the larger hosts. However, when the host became too large weaker complexes would form and for the range of materials examined here cucurbit[7]uril was found to be the 'best' host system. In one example, p-xylene diamine, a 2:1 complex with cucurbit[8]uril was observed. While not the focus of this work a new rapid purification method was developed for the cucurbit[n]uril using different metal ions to either solubilise or precipitate the different cucurbit[n]uril. In the second part of this work these same guest molecules where used as potential templates in the synthesis of cucurbit[n]uril. Surprisingly the guests that bound strongly to an individual host did not seem to template the cucurbit[n]uril synthesis at all. Rather these strong binders inhibited the reaction such that little or no cucurbit[n]uril formed under the reaction conditions studied. However, several examples provided excellent template results. Indeed the results indicate that guests which bound with intermediate rates of exchange are the best templates and using templates under these conditions we have been able to produce cucurbit[7]uril as 46% by mass of the total cucurbit[n]uril product. This is the highest yield ever recorded for cucurbit[7]uril and it is the first example of cucurbit[7]uril being the major product of this condensation reaction. In an another example cucurbit[8]uril formed 18% of the product an increase of 150% over the standard reaction conditions. While studying both the template reactions and the host-guest binding properties of the cucurbit[n]uril a new supramolecular form, an 'inverse rotaxane' was discovered. Inverse rotaxanes are not held in place by large blocking groups, rather the molecular structure encapsulated by the cucurbit[n]uril host prevents decomplexation of the axle.

Foram propostos, no projeto, estudos da interação de compostos modelos de antocianinas (íons hidroxiflavílios e hidroxi/metoxiflavílios sintéticos) com íons metálicos e com copigmentos orgânicos, bem como uma busca de sinergia na complexação ternária destes modelos de antocianinas com íons inorgânicos e copigmentos orgânicos. A partir dos resultados obtidos, pretendeu-se modelar e entender as interações antocianina - íon metálico - copigmento envolvidas na estabilização da cor de antocianinas in natura. Para realizar os estudos, quatro compostos modelos os cloretos dos íons 7,8-diidroxi-4-metilflavílio (DHMF), 8-hidroxi-4-metil-7-metoxiflavílio (HMMF), 3\',4\'-diidroxi-7-metoxiflavílio (B-DHMF) e 7,3\',4\'-trimetoxiflavílio (B-TMF) foram sintetizados. Todas as estruturas apresentam hidroxilas e/ou metoxilas vicinais (estruturas tipo catecol). Além de sua síntese e caracterização, foram estudadas as propriedades fotofísicas e as espécies presentes em solução quantificadas, de acordo com os multiequilíbrios aos quais estes compostos estão submetidos. Nos estudos de complexação por um íon metálico, o Al3+, foram determinadas estequiometrias de 1:1, 2:3 e 1:3 (relação flavílio:Al3+), dependendo da metodologia adotada. As constantes de complexação foram estimadas na ordem de 104 a 105 M-x, onde x depende da estequiometria determinada. A segunda etapa envolveu a interação com copigmentos orgânicos, tais como os ácidos p-cumárico (PCA), ferúlico (FRA), sinápico (SNA), vanílico (VNA) e siríngico (SRA). Utilizando espectroscopia de absorção e de fluorescência, determinaram-se estequiometrias de 1:1 para todos os pares pigmento-copigmento. As constantes dos equilíbrios também foram estimadas sem diferenças significativas entre os pares, embora a afinidade do flavílio pelos derivados de acido cinâmico seja ligeiramente maior. Com relação à base quinonoidal, em pHs em torno de 5,0, foram observadas interações menores, tendo sido concluído que os ácidos fenólicos estabilizam melhor a forma catiônica. A estabilidade do cátion flavílio frente à hidratação na presença destes copigmentos foi avaliada e, em comparação com a estabilidade promovida pelos íons Al3+ ou pela cucurbit[7]urila, é pouco significativa. Finalmente, a terceira etapa envolveu o estudo dos complexos ternários. Observaram-se diferenças na estabilização do cátion flavílio dependendo das concentrações dos dois tipos de copigmento - concentrações maiores de Al3+ foram requeridas para estabilizar o B-DHMF em comparação ao sistema supramolecular formado com DHMF. A partir destes estudos, foi concluído que a presença do copigmento orgânico, embora em pequena extensão, também é responsável pela manutenção da cor, quando envolvido no complexo ternário, evidenciando comportamento sinérgico. Como parte integrante do projeto, um trabalho em colaboração com o grupo da Profa Cornelia Bohne, na University of Victoria (UVic), no Canadá, foi desenvolvido, envolvendo a determinação das constantes de equilíbrio e de velocidade de uma reação do tipo hóspede-hospedeiro, entre um íon flavílio (B-TMF) e um composto orgânico cíclico (hospedeiro), a curcubit[7]urila - CB[7]. A estequiometria da reação foi determinada como 1:2 (B-TMF:CB[7]) sendo que concentrações de CB[7] suficientes para formar o complexo 1:2 promovem uma estabilização da forma catiônica do flavílio nunca vista antes, em pHs em que a reação de hidratação ocorre. / The proposal of this project was to study the reactions of model compounds of anthocyanins (synthetic hydroxyl- and hydroxyl/methoxyflavylium ions), with metal ions, as well as organic copigments or both, in a ternary complex. With results obtained from these systems, it was intended to propose mechanisms and understand how this structure - flavylium ion-metal ion-organic copigment - enables maintenance of the color of anthocyanins in natura. This study would provide information to investigate and search for evidence of synergic effect in the stabilization of these model compounds. Four model compounds were synthesized for the study - chloride salts of 7,8-dihydroxy-4-methylflavylium (DHMF), 8-hydroxy-4-methyl-7-methoxyflavylium (HMMF), 3\',4\'-dihydroxy-7-methoxyflavylium (B-DHMF) and 7,3\',4\'-trimethoxyflavylium (B-TMF). Each one of those compounds presents a catechol-like structure, with bounded hydroxyl and/or methoxy in vicinal positions. The main aims were to synthesize, characterize and study photophysical properties, with a view to determine the concentration of multiequilibria species according to the pH of the medium. The first step was an investigation of metallic complexes produced with Al3+ ions. The stoichiometries were determined as 1:1, 2:3 and 1:3 (flavylium:Al3+), depending on the methodology adopted. Complexation constants were estimated between 104 and 105 M-x, where x represents stoichiometry. A second step was the study of interaction of flavylium ions and organic copigments, such as the following phenolic acids: para-coumaric acid (PCA), ferulic acid (FRA), sinapic acid (SNA), vanilic acid (VNA) and siryngic acid (SRA). Using absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, a stoichiometry of 1:1 for each of the pigment:copigment pairs was found. Equilibrium constants were determined, and there was no significant differences considering the structures of flavylium ions, although for cinnamic acid derivatives the constants found are slightly larger. The same reactions studied in pH of about 5.0, showed that affinities between the cationic forms and the phenolic acids are larger in comparison to the bases. The stability of the cation regarding the hydration reaction is much smaller in the presence of these organic acids than in the presence of Al3+ or cucurbit[7]uril. At last, the third step involved both types of copigment - metal ions and organic acids - in a supramolecular assembly with flavylium ions. It was observed that different concentrations of the two types of copigments studied are required for B-DHMF and DHMF to stabilize the cationic form; much larger concentrations of Al3+ in the complex in which B-DHMF are involved. It was also concluded that the presence of organic copigments, less representatively, are necessary for the maintenance of the color, an evidence of synergic behaviour. An additional study, which was not in the scope of the project, but did provide another source of flavylium stabilization, was the reaction inclusion of B-TMF with CB[7] cucurbit[7]uril. This step was developed in collaboration with Prof. Cornelia Bohne, at the University of Victoria (UVic), Canada. It consisted of the determination of the equilibrium and kinetic constants of this host-guest system, in which the flavylium cation interacts as the guest for the macrocyclic host. It was proposed a sequential 1:2 (B-TMF:CB[7]) mechanism that provides an alternative to avoid the hydration reaction of B-TMF, where CB[7] must be present in concentrations large enough to form the 1:2 complex.

No description available.

Les sels d’imidazolium ont un rôle important dans certaines protéines et acides nucléiques et ont été utilisés à de nombreuses reprises dans des assemblages supramoléculaires en raison de leurs propriétés uniques. Les sels de diimidazolium dérivés sont toutefois moins connus. Ils ont pour l’instant uniquement été utilisés comme des précurseurs de carbènes N-hétérocycliques. Ils sont donc à la base de plusieurs catalyseurs utilisés pour des réactions de couplage croisés mais leurs propriétés sont toutefois méconnues dans le cadre de la chimie supramoléculaire. Cette classe de composés a nottament attiré notre attention en raison de la facilité de modification de leurs propriétés physico-chimiques par modification de leur structure chimique. L’objectif général des travaux présentés dans cette thèse est l’étude des propriétés supramoléculaires des sels de diimidazolium disubstitués en solution (aqueuse ou organique), ainsi qu’en phase solide ou cristal-liquide. L’influence de l’espaceur entre les deux noyaux imidazolium ainsi que l’influence des substituants latéraux et des contre-ions a été étudiée. Dans un premier temps, les propriétés de complexation des sels de diimidazolium à des macrocycles sont étudiées. Les sels bromure sont étudiés en solution aqueuse avec plusieurs cyclodextrines et le cucurbit[7]uril, et les sels hexafluorophosphate sont étudiés en solution organique pour leur complexation avec l’éther couronne DB24C8 et un calix[4]arène. Cette nouvelle classe de composés a montré de très bonnes propriétés de complexation à ces différents macrocycles en solution et a également permis de contrôler différents assemblages supramoléculaires à l’interface air-eau. Dans un deuxième temps, l’étude des sels de phénylènediimidazolium a permis de modifier les propriétés de complexation en solution pour obtenir la formation de complexes multiples avec le cucurbit[7]util en solution aqueuse. Cette même famille de composés a également permis la formation de cristaux liquides ioniques lorsque les substituants sont des chaînes alkyles plus longues. La résolution de plusieurs structures cristallines de différents sels de diimidazolium a finalement permis de comprendre la nature des interactions intermoléculaires à l’état cristallin. La recherche présentée dans cette thèse a donc permis une étude détaillée des propriétés supramoléculaires des sels de diimidazolium dans tous les états de la matière qui leur sont accessibles. / Imidazolium salts play an important role in different proteins and nucleic acids and have been used many times in supramolecular assemblies due to their unique properties. Diimidazolium salts derived from imidazolium salts are less known. To date, they have only been used as precursors for N-heterocyclic carbenes, which are used to catalyze various cross-coupling reactions. Their properties are not well known in supramolecular chemistry. This class of compounds attracted our attention because of the ease of tuning their properties by modifying their chemical structure. The main goal of the research presented in this thesis was to study the supramolecular properties of disubstituted diimidazolium salts in solution (aqueous or organic solution), in the solid state and in the liquid-crystalline state. The role of the spacer between the two imidazolium moieties, of the sidechains and of the counterions was studied. Firstly, the complexation between diimidazolium salts and various macrocycles was studied. Bromide salts were studied in aqueous solution with cyclodextrins and cucurbit[7]uril, while hexafluorophosphate salts were studied in organic solution with a DB24C8 crown ether and a calix[4]arene. This novel class of compounds showed very promising complexation properties with these macrocycles in solution and also allowed us to control the formation of various supramolecular assemblies at the air-water interface. Secondly, phenylenediimidazolium salts were studied and allowed the modification of the complexation properties in aqueous solution. Multiple complexes can be formed simultaneously with cucurbit[7]uril in aqueous solution. The same class of compounds also has the ability to yield ionic liquid crystals when the alkyl sidechains are long. The resolution of the crystalline structures of some synthesized diimidazolium salts allowed us to understand the nature of the intermolecular interactions in the solid state. The research presented in this thesis is a complete study of the supramolecular properties of diimidazolium salts in every accessible state of matter.

Les sels d’imidazolium ont un rôle important dans certaines protéines et acides nucléiques et ont été utilisés à de nombreuses reprises dans des assemblages supramoléculaires en raison de leurs propriétés uniques. Les sels de diimidazolium dérivés sont toutefois moins connus. Ils ont pour l’instant uniquement été utilisés comme des précurseurs de carbènes N-hétérocycliques. Ils sont donc à la base de plusieurs catalyseurs utilisés pour des réactions de couplage croisés mais leurs propriétés sont toutefois méconnues dans le cadre de la chimie supramoléculaire. Cette classe de composés a nottament attiré notre attention en raison de la facilité de modification de leurs propriétés physico-chimiques par modification de leur structure chimique. L’objectif général des travaux présentés dans cette thèse est l’étude des propriétés supramoléculaires des sels de diimidazolium disubstitués en solution (aqueuse ou organique), ainsi qu’en phase solide ou cristal-liquide. L’influence de l’espaceur entre les deux noyaux imidazolium ainsi que l’influence des substituants latéraux et des contre-ions a été étudiée. Dans un premier temps, les propriétés de complexation des sels de diimidazolium à des macrocycles sont étudiées. Les sels bromure sont étudiés en solution aqueuse avec plusieurs cyclodextrines et le cucurbit[7]uril, et les sels hexafluorophosphate sont étudiés en solution organique pour leur complexation avec l’éther couronne DB24C8 et un calix[4]arène. Cette nouvelle classe de composés a montré de très bonnes propriétés de complexation à ces différents macrocycles en solution et a également permis de contrôler différents assemblages supramoléculaires à l’interface air-eau. Dans un deuxième temps, l’étude des sels de phénylènediimidazolium a permis de modifier les propriétés de complexation en solution pour obtenir la formation de complexes multiples avec le cucurbit[7]util en solution aqueuse. Cette même famille de composés a également permis la formation de cristaux liquides ioniques lorsque les substituants sont des chaînes alkyles plus longues. La résolution de plusieurs structures cristallines de différents sels de diimidazolium a finalement permis de comprendre la nature des interactions intermoléculaires à l’état cristallin. La recherche présentée dans cette thèse a donc permis une étude détaillée des propriétés supramoléculaires des sels de diimidazolium dans tous les états de la matière qui leur sont accessibles. / Imidazolium salts play an important role in different proteins and nucleic acids and have been used many times in supramolecular assemblies due to their unique properties. Diimidazolium salts derived from imidazolium salts are less known. To date, they have only been used as precursors for N-heterocyclic carbenes, which are used to catalyze various cross-coupling reactions. Their properties are not well known in supramolecular chemistry. This class of compounds attracted our attention because of the ease of tuning their properties by modifying their chemical structure. The main goal of the research presented in this thesis was to study the supramolecular properties of disubstituted diimidazolium salts in solution (aqueous or organic solution), in the solid state and in the liquid-crystalline state. The role of the spacer between the two imidazolium moieties, of the sidechains and of the counterions was studied. Firstly, the complexation between diimidazolium salts and various macrocycles was studied. Bromide salts were studied in aqueous solution with cyclodextrins and cucurbit[7]uril, while hexafluorophosphate salts were studied in organic solution with a DB24C8 crown ether and a calix[4]arene. This novel class of compounds showed very promising complexation properties with these macrocycles in solution and also allowed us to control the formation of various supramolecular assemblies at the air-water interface. Secondly, phenylenediimidazolium salts were studied and allowed the modification of the complexation properties in aqueous solution. Multiple complexes can be formed simultaneously with cucurbit[7]uril in aqueous solution. The same class of compounds also has the ability to yield ionic liquid crystals when the alkyl sidechains are long. The resolution of the crystalline structures of some synthesized diimidazolium salts allowed us to understand the nature of the intermolecular interactions in the solid state. The research presented in this thesis is a complete study of the supramolecular properties of diimidazolium salts in every accessible state of matter.