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Culturally appropriate conceptual models for practice are of major interest to occupational therapists, an emerging health profession in Thailand. Currently in Thailand, occupational therapy education and practice derives its conceptual models from Western models. How these models are translated into practice in Thailand is unclear, as there are currently no research studies relating to the cultural and clinical practice demands of Thai occupational therapists and of service delivery in Thailand. In addition, how occupational therapists in Australia apply conceptual models in practice has also been given limited attention in the research literature. A comparison is made between Thai and Western Australian occupational therapists to examine the use of theoretical models in the Western cultural context and to investigate the influences of cultural differences on occupational therapy practice. The purpose of this study is to identify the conceptual models most frequently used by occupational therapists in Thailand and in Australia, to describe the application of these models to practice, and to explore the cultural influences impacting on the application to practice. The need for a derived but more culturally specific conceptual model for occupational therapy practice in Thailand was also investigated. Focus group interviews were conducted as the initial stage of the study, to obtain in-depth background information about occupational therapy practice. Content analysis using transcript-based analysis and systematic coding was used to analyse the focus group data. The results demonstrated three main conceptual approaches: among both Westem Australian and Thai occupational therapists. These three models were described as the Performance Model, the Whole Person Model, and the Medical Model. / The findings from focus group interviews and related literature were used to develop a questionnaire. The questionnaire was designed as a self-report measure, using a 4 point scale ranging from ‘strongly agree’ to ‘strongly disagree’. It was arranged in 4 parts: Part A-Background Information, Part B- Models of Occupational Therapy Practice, Part C-Occupational Therapy Practice, and Part D-Practice Comment. Parts A, B and C consisted of closed-ended questions, whereas Part D was constructed to elicit open-ended questions. The survey data was collected from 138 Thai occupational therapists (ThaiOTs) and 155 Western Australian occupational therapists (WAOTs). A Chi-square test result demonstrated that ThaiOTs favoured the Medical Model for practice whilst WAOTs used the Performance Model and the Whole Person Model (p < 0.05). Principal component factor analysis was used to identify significant factors differentiating the practice of WA and Thai occupational therapists and to guide the development of the model of practice for ThaiOTs. The Mann-Whitney U Test results showed clear differences of therapist practice between Australia and Thailand in relation to their views about Clients, Professional Perspective (Therapists), Intervention, Cultural Implications, and Health Care Systems due to the influence of the culture and socio-cultural environment (p < 0.05). The outcomes from all stages in the study were used to develop a model of practice for Thai occupational therapists. This model named the ‘Samphan’ Framework of Practice focuses on the client and family as an inseparable unit, which differs from an individual, or client focus central to most Western models.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The modern fair trade movement and resulting network emerged during the twentieth century as a strategy to alleviate extreme poverty through creating equitable trading initiatives and markets. Since its emergence, fair trade has grown tremendously to include initiatives across the globe, particularly within the Global South. Although the intent to do good is present amongst fair traders, the impact of these initiatives remains rather ambiguous, especially in regards to culture. Using a case study approach, this thesis aims to identify the cultural implications of fair trade activities and initiatives on Ghanaian basket weavers and their local communities, and then determine the effectiveness of the fair trade movement in aligning intent with impact within this context given these findings. From there, specific policy recommendations are provided for future initiatives.

Cette étude a comme objectif principal de comprendre les incidences culturelles ou économiques transformatrices des politiques publiques de développement local enclenchées à travers trois programmes de développement local d’envergure nationale dans les différentes zones de mode de vie en Haïti depuis 2006. En vue d’atteindre cet objectif, après une révision de la littérature théorique et empirique, une enquête de terrain auprès d’un échantillon systématique de trois-cent quatre-vingt-quatre chefs de ménages exerçant tout au moins leur propre activité de production ou de service a été réalisée. L’outil qui a été privilégié pour la collecte des données sur le terrain est le questionnaire-interview. De l’analyse des données de l’enquête de terrain, par l’intermédiaire de tableaux de fréquence et de Tests de McNemar, il en ressort que l’appartenance des bénéficiaires aux initiatives de développement issues de l’aide-projet permet respectivement de renforcer leur niveau d’attachement aux croyances et pratiques scientifiques à 19.53%, leur vision rationnelle du temps et de l’espace à 4.69%, leur conception positive de la compétition économique à 23.96%, leur perception positive de la réussite économique à 12.76%, leur opinion favorable à l’investissement et à l’épargne à 13.54%, leur détachement au fatalisme et au conformisme à 23.70% et leur opinion favorable au risque à 24.22%. Et, suivant les Tests de McNemar effectués, ces différentes contributions ont été statistiquement significatives au plus au seuil de 5%. Donc, l’appartenance à un projet productif peut être un bon vecteur de renforcement des traits culturels conditionnels de développement dans les différentes localités haïtiennes. Ce constat dans une certaine mesure donne raison à Lacoste (1965), Zaoual (2005), Charmillot (2008) qui voient en l’implantation de tout projet de développement dans les pays en développement une condition d’affaiblissement voir de destruction de la culture traditionnelle au profit de celle du développement.Par ailleurs, ces projets n’apportent pas de contribution significative au renforcement d’un esprit favorable au collectivisme et aux rapports intra-territorialisés chez les bénéficiaires comme l’avait présupposé l’hypothèse de recherche initiale. Ce résultat confirme en partie les thèses de Barthelemy (1987), Casimir (2001), Dorvilier (2007) et Sainsiné (2007) affirmant la dominance de l’esprit collectiviste chez les habitants du milieu rural haïtien. Il met tout aussi en question leur conception de la nature quasi exclusive des rapports intra-territorialisés des exploitants du milieu rural haïtien.A l’aide du modèle de régression logistique binaire, il y a lieu de constater que les seuls facteurs expressifs des projets de développement expliquant significativement le renforcement de certaines modalités de la variable expliquée sont d’abord ceux caractéristiques du niveau d’exposition des bénéficiaires aux volets techniques et instructifs des projets à savoir la formation technique reçue et la quantité restreinte de moins trois rencontres d’affaires mensuellement entretenues et ensuite ceux de nature financière à savoir le plus haut montant reçu ou emprunté par les bénéficiaires de la part des projets (10 000- 20 000 HTG) et le plus haut niveau de profit réalisé par eux à partir des projets (10 000-20 000 HTG). / The main objective of this study is to understand the transformative cultural or economic impacts of public policies of local development initiated though three national development programs of national importance in different zone of lifestyle in Haiti since 2006.Order to reach this objective, a field survey of a systematic sample of three hundred and eighty-four head of households at least performing their own production or service activity was carried out. Following a review of the theoretical and empirical literature, the tool that has been favored for collecting data in the field is the questionnaire-interviews.From the analysis of the field survey data, by using frequency tables and McNemar Tests, it appears that the fact that the beneficiaries belong to the development initiatives resulting from the project aid makes it possible respectively to strengthen their level of attachment to scientific beliefs and practices to 19.53%, their rational vision of time and space to 4.69%, their positive conception of economic competition to 23.96%, their positive perception of economic success at 12.76% , their favorable opinion on investment and savings at 13.54%, their detachment to fatalism and conformism at 23.70% and their favorable opinion of risk at 24.22%. And, according to McNemar's Tests performed, these different contributions were statistically significant at most at the 5% threshold. Therefore, belonging to a productive project can be a good vector for reinforcing the cultural conditionalities of development in the different Haitian localities.This observation to a certain extent gives reason to Lacoste (1965), Zaoual (2005), Charmillot (2008) who see in the implementation of any development project in developing countries a condition of weakening or even destruction of culture. for the benefit of development.In addition, these projects do not make a significant contribution to strengthening a spirit of collectivism and intra-territorial relations among beneficiaries, as the initial research hypothesis had assumed.This result confirms in part the theses of Barthelemy (1987), Casimir (2001), Dorvilier (2007) and Sainsiné (2007) affirming the dominance of the collectivist spirit among the inhabitants of rural Haiti. It also puts into question their conception of the almost exclusive nature of the intra-territorial relations of farmers in rural Haiti.Using the binary logistic regression model, it should be noted that the only expressive factors of development projects that significantly explain the strengthening of certain modalities of the explained variable are, first of all, those characteristic of the level of exposure of the beneficiaries. the technical and instructive aspects of the projects, namely the technical training received and the limited quantity of at least three-monthly business meetings, and then those of a financial nature, i.e. the highest amount received or borrowed by the beneficiaries from the projects (10 000- 20 000 HTG) and the highest level of profit realized by them from the projects (10 000-20 000 HTG).These results validate the thesis of Berthelemy (2006), Dorvilier (2007, 2011) and Logossah (2007), stipulating that the educational factor is a good vector capable of minimizing the impact of certain negro-African cultural traits that seem incompatible. to the logic of progress and economic growth. In this work, technical training in the same line of thought of the authors raised seems to facilitate a strengthening of the degree of attachment to scientific values and practices, of the rational vision of time and space, of the attitude favorable to the savings and investment, the spirit favorable to the decline of collectivism among the beneficiaries of the projects.