The purpose of this study was to evaluate metabolic, cardiorespiratory, and perceptual responses during recumbent cycle ergometry performed at various seat back angles and different work rates. Healthy college-aged men performed steady-state exercise at two work rates, 100 watts (n=46) and 150 watts (n=26), using five back seat angles, 90, 105, 120, 135, and 150 degrees. The results of this study suggest that recumbent seat back angles of 135 to 150 degrees are associated with lower metabolic and cardiorespiratory stress during rest and submaximal exercise than more upright positions. The reduced stress at these angles is accompanied by lower perceptions of exertion and improved seating comfort. The failure of the base-line correction for resting V0 2 to remove the effect of seat back angle implies that the reduced physiological stress associated with these positions is due to reasons other than attenuated resting metabolic costs. It is concluded that the selection of recumbent seat back angles between 135 and 150 degrees can result in improved efficiency, reduced physiological stress, diminished perceptions of exertion, and increased seating comfort.

Thesis (M.S.)--Florida State University, 2004. / Advisor: Dr. David Pargman, Florida State University, College of Education, Department of Educational Psychology and Learning Systems. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed June 16, 2004). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S. Ed.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1992. / Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 71-76). Also available via the Internet.

Thesis (M.R.C.P.)--Kansas State University, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 112-114). Also available online (PDF file) by a subscription to the set or by purchasing the individual file.

Thesis (M.R.C.P.)--Kansas State University, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 112-114).

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Student Number : 9906840R - MSc research report - School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Science / The global increased demand for forest products has led to an increase in the area of exotic fast-growing forest plantations. An understanding of nutrient cycling in plantations is essential to enhance their productivity. Sustainable forest productivity involves the managing of nutrients and genetic factors to maximize yields such that they are increasing or non-declining through the maintenance of soil quality and selection of superior tree species and breeds. Komatiland Forests Limited (KFL), a South African forestry company, initiated a permanent sampling plot (PSP) programme in 1998, where it monitors over 30 foliar and soil parameters, as well as tree growth parameters. This study utilized a subset of the permanent sample plots (PSPs) database to compile a suite of foliar and soil parameters that can be used to better interpret stand productivity in pine plantations. Data from PSPs of pine species Pinus patula, Pinus elliottii and the hybrid Pinus elliottii x caribaea planted on dolomite, granite and shale were used in the statistical analyses as they were well represented in the dataset. The geological analysis revealed that parent material significantly affects soil organic carbon content; soil exchangeable K, soil Fe, soil Mn and foliar Mn concentrations. Exchangeable K was found to be low across the geologies ranging on average from 0.08 – 0.11cmol/kg. An accumulative effect was found in foliar concentration of Mn across the geologies and species, with average foliar Mn concentrations being as high as 1086ppm. No statistically significant differences were found at the geological level in soil N, P, exchangeable Ca, Mg & Na, Al, pH or soil texture. Neither were there any significant differences in foliar concentration of N, P, Ca, Mg, Na, Cu, Fe, Zn, B and S at the geological level of analysis. However significant correlations were found between soil cation exchange capacity, soil pH and foliar concentration of Zn, Mn, Mg and Ca. Pinus patula had significantly higher foliar concentrations of N (p<0.001), P (p<0.001). Mg (p=0.001), B (p=0.001) and S (p<0.001) than the other pine variants under analysis. However when species x geology interaction analysis was used P. patula only had significantly higher foliar concentrations with regard to N (p<0.001) and P (p<0.001), and lower foliar concentrations of Zn (p<0.001) and Na (p=0.041) than the other pine variants under analysis. Across the species and geologies, soil acidification resulted in low Ca (0.15-1.6 cmol/kg) and Mg (0.1-0.7cmol/kg) availability. Positive and significant correlations were found between foliar and soil concentrations of N (p=0.022), P (p=0.030), Mg (p<0.001) and Ca (p<0.001). Productivity of the hybrid was significantly higher than the other two species (p<0.001), while P. elliottii had significantly lower productivity than P. patula (p=0.001). Regression models and a principal component analyses revealed that from the dataset of soil and foliar chemical and physical parameters Mg Soil, CEC, N soil, N foliar, P foliar, K foliar, Cu foliar, B foliar, S foliar, C:N soil, Ca:Al soil, N:Ca foliar, N:K foliar, clay and silt are best correlated with stand productivity.

Student Number : 9601456A - MSc research report - School of Therapeutic Sciences - Faculty of Science / INTRODUCTION: Athletes frequently report training to music yet there have been relatively few studies that have addressed the benefit of exercising with music. PURPOSE: This study examined the effects of popular music on submaximal cycling. METHOD: Volunteer men and women (N=30), aged between 18 and 40 years, underwent an initial familiarisation session. Part of this session involved the measurement of maximal oxygen consumption (V02max). This was then followed by two twenty-minute submaximal cycling sessions, both at 80% of maximal oxygen consumption. Subjects were randomly divided into two groups. Group A cycled without any music and Group B cycled with music for the first submaximal cycling session. A few days later the subjects underwent the same testing procedure, however this time group A cycled to music and group B cycled without music. Subjects served as their own control. During the submaximal procedure heart rate, Borg Scale and lactate responses were assessed. Subjects completed a post-test questionnaire once both submaximal cycling sessions were completed. The differences between the sessions with and without music with respect to heart rate, Borg Scale and change in lactate were analysed using an appropriate analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the two-period crossover design adjusting for relevant baselines. Testing was set at the 0.05 level of significance. RESULTS: It was found that listening to music, while cycling, resulted in no significant changes in physiological variables (change in lactate concentration and heart rate). The average, as well as the instantaneous two-minute intervals of the 10-point Borg scale also yielded no significant difference. However, 66.7% of the subjects, according to the post-test questionnaire, perceived the cycling session with music to be easier than the session without music. CONCLUSION: Listening to music, while cycling, may allow individuals to alter their overall, subjective perception of cycling. According to the post-test questionnaire, subjects perceived their overall experience of cycling with music to be easier than cycling without music. This could suggest that cycling to music could act as a positive distracter and motivating force that could thereby increase adherence to training, allowing the cyclist to train longer and harder and thus in the long run perform better in races. However, from a physiological viewpoint, listening to music, while performing submaximal cycling, resulted in no physiological benefit.