The cytopathology of herpes simplex virus (HSV) in H.Ep.2 and BHK-21 cells was studied using the techniques of light microscopy, immunofluorescence, electron microscopy, autoradiography and cytogenetics. Both cell types supported rapid growth cycles of HSV resulting in the production of maximum titres after 22 - 24 hours of infection. Cultures treated with 10 µg/ml ara-C or 100 µg/ml IDU at the time of infection showed a 99% decrease in infectious virus production. HSV-infected H.Ep.2 and BHK-21 cells revealed typical virus-induced inclusion bodies and a generalized disorganization of the nucleus and cytoplasm. Syncytia formation was not observed but after 24 hours of infection, nearly 100% of the cells were rounded and often detached from the glass surface. Addition of 10 µg/ml ara-C or 100 µg/ml IDU failed to prevent virus cytopathology but did cause a characteristic cytoplasmic disruption and rounding of uninfected cells. Virus-infected cells also revealed at least four separate immuno-fluorescent elements after exposure to hyperimmune serum prepared in guinea pigs. These elements included small nuclear granules, amorphous nuclear masses, diffuse cytoplasmic antigens, and intense surface fluorescence. The nuclear antigens and cytoplasmic fluorescence appeared after treatment with ara-C or IDU but the surface fluorescence was not produced in the presence of the anti-viral agents. Herpes simplex virus developed in the nucleus of infected H.Ep.2 and BHK-21 cells. The virions were enveloped at the inner lamella of the nuclear membrane and after passing into the cytoplasm, were released from the cells by a process of reverse phagocytosis. Ara-C and IDU allowed the synthesis of certain viral antigens and the development of nuclear cytopathology but completely prevented the formation of infectious HSV particles. Both drugs caused a marked distortion of the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum in uninfected cells. DNA synthesis in HSV-infected cells, as measured by ³H-thymidine incorporation, was almost completely inhibited by 4 hours of infection. This early inhibition of cellular DNA synthesis was followed by an immediate increase in ³H-thymidine uptake corresponding to the synthesis of viral DNA. Both cell types showed a brief stimulation of mitosis prior to the complete inhibition observed after 20 hours of infection. Cellular and viral DNA synthesis and mitosis appeared to be inhibited in virus-infected and uninfected cells treated with ara-C or IDU. Infection with HSV resulted in severe chromosomal damage to H.Ep.2 and BHK-21 cells. Chromosomal abnormalities included chromatid gaps and breaks, enhanced secondary constrictions, fragmentation, erosion, and endoreduplication, and were dependent on virus dose and time of infection. The capacity of the virus to induce chromosomal aberrations in cultured cells was UV-inactivated approximately five times less rapidly than the infectious property. Ara-C acted synergistically with the virus to produce a large number of cells with multiple chromosome breaks and also caused a significant number of abnormalities in uninfected cells. In contrast, IDU treatment resulted in few aberrations over and above those produced by HSV and little damage in uninfected cells. It was concluded that HSV was capable of producing severe morphological and genetic alterations in cultured human and hamster cells. The antiviral agents ara-C and IDU were able to completely inhibit virus multiplication but were unable to prevent any of the virus-induced cytopathic effects in vitro. / Science, Faculty of / Microbiology and Immunology, Department of / Graduate

In vivo infection with HIV-1 is typically characterized by progressive clinical and immunological deterioration associated with a decrease in CD4 T-cells. The mechanism of CD4 T-cell depletion in vivo and its role in HIV-1 pathogenesis and development of AIDS is not well understood. My research has focused on understanding the mechanism or mechanisms by which HIV-1 induces cell death. To address this aim, a panel of primary HIV-1 isolates were characterized in vitro for replication kinetics, syncytium formation, and cytopathic effects. From this panel two viral isolates, one from patient A and the other patient D, were selected for further evaluation. Patient A was asymptomatic with absolute CD4 cell count of 2302 at the time of virus isolation and remains so nine years later. Patient D was symptomatic with absolute CD4 cell count of 64 and has subsequently died from AIDS. Both of these patients maintained high viral load in vivo. When the viruses were examined in vitro, they also replicated to high titers. However, there were dramatic differences regarding the induction of cell death by HIV-1 isolates. Viruses obtained from patient A did not induce cell death although they replicated to high titers. In contrast, viruses obtained from patient D were extremely cytopathic in PBMCs with comparable viral replication. Therefore, viral replication alone does not predict the single-cell killing capacity of primary HIV-1 isolates. HIV-1 viruses isolated from an individual with normal CD4 T-cell numbers and an individual with CD4 T-cell depletion replicated to equivalent levels in primary CD4 T-cells. However, the virus isolated from the symptomatic individual induced cell death and the virus isolated from the asymptomatic individual was non-cytopathic in vitro. It is known that HIV-1 exists in the host as a group of related viruses known as quasispecies. This diversity allows the virus a broad spectrum of genotypes which result in multiple phenotypic properties. It follows then that a single viral isolate may contain a number of variants which differ in their ability to form syncytia, cell tropism, replication kinetics, as well as cytopathic potential. To address this, biological clones were obtained from each of the patients viral quasispecies and characterized for replication and cytopathicity. These clones, GC6 8-4 (isolated from patient A) and HC4 (isolated from patient D) maintained the same viral phenotype as the parental virus. In other words, HIV-1 biological clone GC6 8-4 was non-syncytium inducing (NSI) and non-cytopathic in vitro. In contrast, HIV-1 biological clone HC4 was syncytium inducing (SI) and cytopathic in vitro. It has been reported that the envelope gene of HIV-1 contains the major determinants of HIV-1 induced CD4 T-cell depletion (17). To understand what may be responsible for the differences in cytopathic behavior between the biological clones, GC6 8-4 and HC4 (42), I analyzed their envelope genes. Chimeric viruses were constructed by switching env regions from V2 through V3 of the biological clones with the corresponding region from the molecular clone NL4-3. These HIV-1 chimeric viruses exhibited similar replication kinetics as well as syncytium inducing abilities. The chimeric virus containing the env region of biological clone, GC6 8-4, was NCP in the single cell killing assay, while the chimeric virus containing the env region of biological clone, HC4, was CP in the single cell killing assay. These studies suggest the presence of a cytopathicity determinant which maps to the envelope region downstream from V2 and through V3 (Stu I at position 6822 to Nhe I at position 7250 based on NL4-3 sequence (101)).

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Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2016-04-07T18:21:01Z (GMT) / Submitted by NATÁLIA AUGUSTO BENEDETTI null (benedetti@fmb.unesp.br) on 2016-04-12T15:26:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação final abril 2016.pdf: 1048311 bytes, checksum: 20ef19de54a6fc1bc779302643956cce (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-04-13T13:10:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 benedeti_na_me_bot.pdf: 1048311 bytes, checksum: 20ef19de54a6fc1bc779302643956cce (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-13T13:10:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 benedeti_na_me_bot.pdf: 1048311 bytes, checksum: 20ef19de54a6fc1bc779302643956cce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-26 / O Sistema de Vigilância Sanitária da Itália detectou 445 casos de hepatite B e 69 de hepatite C, relacionados aos tratamentos de beleza. Fato esse alarmante, pois, os cuidados com a aparência, têm levado a população a buscar os padrões de beleza estabelecidos pela mídia. Destacando-se que os salões de beleza no Brasil estão cada vez mais comuns com a atuação dos profissionais de manicure e pedicure. Entretanto, os produtos cosméticos necessitam de uma avaliação da qualidade sanitária, ou seja, testes que indicam a quantidade de micro-organismos viáveis em cada amostra. Pois, evidências mostram a sobrevivência dos Trichophytonrubrum, Trichopyton mentagrophytes, Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis no esmalte de unha. Todavia, a composição e a fabricação do esmalte são pouco conhecidas, devido várias etapas estarem envolvidas na produção dos esmaltes de unhas comuns. Objetivo: Avaliar a ação dos solventes presentes no esmalte de unha, o acetato de etila e o acetato de butila, sobre o herpes vírus bovino tipo 5. Método: Realizou ensaios da atividade antiviral nas diferentes fases do ciclo replicativo com os solventes, acetato de etila e o acetato de butila. Resultados: No pré-tratamento, não houve replicação viral no acetato de etila a partir da diluição 10-6 e no acetato de butila 10-5 . No póstratamento não houve replicação viral no acetato de etila a partir da diluição 10-7 e no acetato de butila 10-5 e na inativação viral, tanto o acetato de etila como o butila, após 48 e 72 horas, todas as diluições apresentaram replicação viral, 10-1 a 10-10 . Discussão: Apesar de não identificar na literatura relatos específicos sobre solventes acetato de etila e acetato de butila na atividade antiviral, o presente estudo evidenciou que apesar de pouca diferença entre as diluições sequenciais desses solventes, houve replicação viral em diluições mais concentradas de vírus e de solventes. A limitação do estudo, com o uso do esmalte de unha, se deu pelo fato deste produto não ser diluído em meio de cultura para células em sua totalidade, além de conter substâncias muito voláteis que secam o produto rapidamente. Conclusão: Concluiu-se que houve replicação viral nas diferentes diluições, em maior concentração de solvente e maior número de vírus. Para diminuir o risco de contaminação cruzada da população pela disseminação de micro-organismos, mostra a necessidade dos órgãos fiscalizadores atuarem mais nesses estabelecimentos, educando e verificando a rotina do trabalho desses profissionais. / The Health Surveillance System in Italy detected 445 cases of hepatitis B and 69 hepatitis C related to beauty treatments. These alarming facts, for care of the appearance have led people to look for the beauty standards set by the media. If highlighting the beauty salons in Brazil is becoming more common with the activities of manicure and pedicure professionals. However, cosmetic products require a quality assessment of the health, is tests which indicate the amount of viable microorganisms in each sample. For evidence shows the survival of Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis in nail polish. However, the enamel composition and manufacturing are little known due several steps are involved in the production of common nail enamels. Objective: To evaluate the action of solvents present in nail enamel, ethyl acetate and butyl acetate, about herpesvirus bovine type 5. Method: The antiviral activity test performed at different stages of the replicative cycle of the solvents, ethyl acetate and butyl acetate. Results: In the pre-treatment, there was no viral replication in the ethyl acetate dilution from 10-6 to 10-5 in butyl acetate. In the post-treatment there was no viral replication in ethyl acetate from the dilution 10-7 and 10-5 butyl acetate and viral inactivation, both the ethyl acetate and the butyl after 48 and 72 hours, all dilutions they showed viral replication, 10-1 to 10-10 . Discussion: Although not identify the specific reports literature solvents ethyl acetate and butyl acetate in antiviral activity, this study showed that despite little difference between serial dilutions of these solvents, there viral replication in more concentrated dilutions of virus and solvents. A limitation of the study, using the nail polish, was due to the fact that this product is not be diluted in culture medium to cells in its entirety, and contain highly volatile substances that dry the product quickly. Conclusion: We conclude that there was viral replication in the different dilutions, higher solvent concentration and a higher number of viruses. To reduce the risk of cross-contamination of the population by the spread of micro-organisms, it shows the need for regulatory agencies act more in these establishments, educating and checking the routine work of these professionals.

Orientador: Ione Corrêa / Resumo: O Sistema de Vigilância Sanitária da Itália detectou 445 casos de hepatite B e 69 de hepatite C, relacionados aos tratamentos de beleza. Fato esse alarmante, pois, os cuidados com a aparência, têm levado a população a buscar os padrões de beleza estabelecidos pela mídia. Destacando-se que os salões de beleza no Brasil estão cada vez mais comuns com a atuação dos profissionais de manicure e pedicure. Entretanto, os produtos cosméticos necessitam de uma avaliação da qualidade sanitária, ou seja, testes que indicam a quantidade de micro-organismos viáveis em cada amostra. Pois, evidências mostram a sobrevivência dos Trichophytonrubrum, Trichopyton mentagrophytes, Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis no esmalte de unha. Todavia, a composição e a fabricação do esmalte são pouco conhecidas, devido várias etapas estarem envolvidas na produção dos esmaltes de unhas comuns. Objetivo: Avaliar a ação dos solventes presentes no esmalte de unha, o acetato de etila e o acetato de butila, sobre o herpes vírus bovino tipo 5. Método: Realizou ensaios da atividade antiviral nas diferentes fases do ciclo replicativo com os solventes, acetato de etila e o acetato de butila. Resultados: No pré-tratamento, não houve replicação viral no acetato de etila a partir da diluição 10-6 e no acetato de butila 10-5 . No póstratamento não houve replicação viral no acetato de etila a partir da diluição 10-7 e no acetato de butila 10-5 e na inativação viral, tanto o acetato de etila como o butila, após 48 e ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The Health Surveillance System in Italy detected 445 cases of hepatitis B and 69 hepatitis C related to beauty treatments. These alarming facts, for care of the appearance have led people to look for the beauty standards set by the media. If highlighting the beauty salons in Brazil is becoming more common with the activities of manicure and pedicure professionals. However, cosmetic products require a quality assessment of the health, is tests which indicate the amount of viable microorganisms in each sample. For evidence shows the survival of Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis in nail polish. However, the enamel composition and manufacturing are little known due several steps are involved in the production of common nail enamels. Objective: To evaluate the action of solvents present in nail enamel, ethyl acetate and butyl acetate, about herpesvirus bovine type 5. Method: The antiviral activity test performed at different stages of the replicative cycle of the solvents, ethyl acetate and butyl acetate. Results: In the pre-treatment, there was no viral replication in the ethyl acetate dilution from 10-6 to 10-5 in butyl acetate. In the post-treatment there was no viral replication in ethyl acetate from the dilution 10-7 and 10-5 butyl acetate and viral inactivation, both the ethyl acetate and the butyl after 48 and 72 hours, all dilutions they showed viral replication, 10-1 to 10-10 . Discussion: Although not identify the sp... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:49:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-09-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Introdução: Isolados clínicos do Citomegalovirus (CMV) são facilmente propagados in vitro resultando em comprometimento da monocamada celular onde o vírus foi inoculado, evidenciando assim a presença ou ausência de infecção. A cultura celular é um método clássico para detecção do CMV e foi bastante utilizada no passado. O ensaio de antigenemia, que detecta o antígeno viral pp65 do CMV, é o método mais utilizado atualmente na prática clínica, por ser mais rápido e específico para detecção da infecção ativa. Recentemente a técnica de PCR em tempo real tem sido empregada no monitoramento da infecção por meio da quantificação da carga viral por ser um método de alta sensibilidade e especificidade ao DNA viral. Sendo assim, o objetivo do estudo foi empregar testes usados no diagnóstico e monitoramento da infecção clínica à cepa padrão do CMV como protocolo para implantação em experimentos in vitro. Métodos: Monocamada de células fibroblásticas humanas confluentes e em quiescência foram inoculadas com amostras de células infectadas pela cepa adaptada em laboratório do CMV AD169. O efeito do vírus sobre a cultura foi monitorado 1 hora, 24 horas, 48 horas e 72 horas após a infecção (h.p.i) através da observação do efeito citopático. As mesmas amostras foram analisadas por antigenemia estimando-se a média de células positivas em 2x105 células e por PCR em tempo real estimando-se a média de cópias de DNA viral/Log10 presente nas amostras. Resultados: Efeito citopático foi observado pela primeira vez 24 h.p.i, evidenciando que o início das mudanças morfológicas ocorreu precocemente. Esse efeito tornou-se mais intenso após 72h. O ensaio de antigenemia evidenciou presença de infecção ativa pelo padrão de marcação do antígeno viral pp65 encontrado no núcleo das células infectadas, enquanto que a PCR em tempo real evidenciou o número de cópias de DNA viral nos diferentes tempos de infecção. Antigenemia apresentou uma média 57 ±56 células positivas 1h.p.i. O pico da infecção foi alcançado 24h.p.i com um aumento significativo da média para 2.381 ±168 (P<0.05 versus 1h.p.i), mantendo-se elevado 48h.p.i, mostrando uma média de 2.012 ±352. Entretanto, os níveis de antigenemia diminuem significativamente 72h.p.i para 262 ±5 (P<0.05 versus 48h.p.i). Assim como na antigenemia, observou-se aumento significativo da carga viral de 1 h.p.i para 24 h.p.i, sendo uma média de DNA viral detectado 11.30 ±0.30 e 11.96 ±0.09, respectivamente (P<0.05 versus 1h.p.i). Os níveis de DNA viral se mantêm elevados 48h.p.i, sendo detectada uma média de 12.33 ±0,26. Após esse período, carga viral cai significativamente para 11.57 ±0.06 (P<0.05 versus 48h.p.i). Não foi encontrada correlação entre os métodos quantitativos de antigenemia e PCR em tempo real. Conclusão: Os três métodos utilizados, isolamento viral, antigenemia e PCR em tempo real evidenciaram o sucesso da infecção “in vitro” pelo CMV por meio de mudanças cito-morfológicas, detecção de antígeno viral específico e carga viral por detecção do DNA viral, respectivamente. A técnica de PCR se mostrou a mais sensível na detecção viral em relação às demais técnicas. Embora sejam métodos sensíveis e específicos, consideramos a necessidade da titulação viral em quaisquer ensaios experimentais in vitro. / Introduction: Clinical isolates of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) are easily spread in vitro resulting in impairment of the monolayer cell where the virus was inoculated, thus evidencing the presence or absence of infection. The cell culture is a classic method for detection of CMV and it was widely used in the past. Antigenemia assay, which detects CMV pp65 antigen, is the method most used currently in clinical practice, because it is faster and specific for detection of the active infection. Recently, the real-time PCR has been used in monitoring of the infection through the quantification of viral load for being a high sensitivity and specificity method to viral DNA. Therefore, the aim of the study was employing tests used in diagnosis and monitoring of infection to the standard CMV strain as a protocol for implantation in experiments in vitro. Methods: Quiescent human fibroblasts in confluent monolayer were inoculated with samples of infected cells by the adapted CMV AD169 strain. The effect of the virus on culture was monitored at 1 hour, 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours post infection (h.p.i) by observation of cytopathic effect. The same samples were analyzed by antigenemia being estimate the mean of positive cells in 2x105 cells and by real-time PCR being estimate the mean of copies of viral DNA/Log10 present in samples. Results: Cytopathic effect was first noticed 24 h.p.i, showing that the initiation of morphological changes occurred early. This effect became more intense after 72 h.p.i. Antigenemia assay showed the presence of active infection through pattern of labeling of the pp65 viral antigen found on nucleus of infected cells, while the real-time PCR showed the number of copies of viral DNA in different times of infection. Antigenemia showed an mean of 57 ±56 positive cells 1h.p.i. The peak of the infection was reached 24h.p.i with a significant increase in the mean 2.381 ±168 (P<0.05 versus 1h.p.i) and remained high 48h.p.i, showing an mean of 2.012 ±352 positive cells. However, the mean of antigenemia decrease 72h.p.i to 262 ±5 (P<0.05 versus 48h.p.i). As well as in antigenemia, a significant increase of th viral load was observed of 1h.p.i to 24h.p.i, being the mean of viral DNA detected 11.30 ±0.30 and 11.96 ±0.09, respectively (P<0.05). The levels of viral DNA stayed high 48h.p.i, being detected a mean of 12.33 ±0.26. After this period, viral load decreased significantly to 11.57 ±0.06 (P<0.05 versus 48h.p.i). No correlation was found between the quantitative methods of antigenemia and real-time PCR. Conclusion: The three methods, virus isolation, antigenemia and real-time PCR, showed the success of the CMV infection “in vitro” by cyto-morphological changes, detection of viral antigen specific and viral load by virus DNA detection, respectively. PCR method was more sensitive in detecting virus in relation the other methods. Although sensitive and specific, we consider the need for viral titration in any experimental studies in vitro. / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

Im Zuge der Überarbeitung der DVG-Richtlinie zur Prüfung der Viruzidie chemischer Desinfektionsmittel in der Nutztierhaltung wurden BVDV, EAV und PPV auf ihre Eignung als potentielle Prüfviren getestet. Das bisher vorgeschriebene Newcastle-Disease-Virus und das Vacciniavirus sollen mit anderen behüllten Viren wie BVDV oder EAV verglichen werden. Beweggründe für einen möglichen Austausch sind die derzeitige Situation in der Tierseuchenbekämpfung, die Erhöhung der Anwendersicherheit durch Wegfall des zoonotischen Potentials, die einfachere Kultivierung und Handhabung der Prüfviren sowie speziell bei NDV die höhere Aussagekraft der gewonnenen Ergebnisse. Die Desinfektionsmittelversuche wurden gemäß DVG-Richtlinie auf Pappelholzkeimträgern durchgeführt, wobei das jeweilige, mit fetalem Kälberserum vermischte, Virus auf die Keimträger aufgetragen und angetrocknet wurde. Die DVG schreibt eine Trocknung im Brutschrank von 60 Minuten bei 37°C vor. Um die Trocknungsverluste der eingesetzten Viren zu untersuchen, wurden vergleichende Trocknungsversuche wie vorgeschrieben im Brutschrank und im Exsikkator bei Raumtemperatur durchgeführt. Die nach der Trocknung im Brutschrank durchgeführten Desinfektionsmittelversuche wurden mit chemischen Grundsubstanzen kommerziell erhältlicher Desinfektionsmittel durchgeführt. Dabei kamen verschiedene Anwendungskonzentrationen von Ameisensäure, Glutaraldehyd, Natriumhypochlorit, Natronlauge und Peressigsäure zum Einsatz. Bei der vorgeschriebenen Trocknung im Brutschrank kam es zu Titerverlusten von 0,8 bis zu 2,75 log10KID50/ml. Durch eine Trocknung der Holzkeimträger von 30 Minuten bei Raumtemperatur im Exsikkator konnten die Titerverluste auf 0,3 bis 1,0 log10KID50/ml reduziert werden. In den nachfolgenden Desinfektionsversuchen zeigte sich die besonders hohe Tenazität von PPV. Es war den eingesetzten Desinfektionsmitteln gegenüber deutlich resistenter als alle anderen untersuchten Viren. In den Trocknungsversuchen zeigte PPV mit Abstand die niedrigsten Titerverluste. Mit BVDV und EAV konnten zwar ausreichend hohe Titer erzielt werden, allerdings waren die Trocknungsverluste beider Viren sehr hoch. In den Keimträgerversuchen konnte nur in wenigen Versuchen eine Titerreduktion von mehr als 3 Logarithmusstufen erreicht werden. Hier könnte zukünftig die Trocknung im Exsikkator Abhilfe schaffen, um die Trocknungsverluste zu minimieren und eine höhere Titerreduktion zu ermöglichen. Die Ergebnisse einer früheren Arbeit zeigen identische Ergebnisse von NDV und BVDV im Keimträgertest. Ein Ersatz von NDV durch BVDV ist somit zu empfehlen. Eine Verwendung der untersuchten Viren gemäß den derzeitigen DVG-Richtlinien ist möglich, allerdings müssten im Zuge der weiteren Harmonisierung von CEN- und DVG-Richtlinie die Kontrolltiter entsprechend erhöht werden, um die von der CEN geforderte Titerreduktion von vier Logarithmusstufen für eine vollständige Virusinaktivierung einzuhalten. Die Vermehrung der untersuchten Viren zu höheren Ausgangs-, bzw. Kontrolltitern sollte daher Gegenstand weiterer Forschungsarbeit sein. Einer weiteren Verwendung der bisherigen Prüfviren BEV und REOV steht nichts im Wege. Aufgrund der Ergebnisse der vergleichenden Trocknungsversuche wird für alle untersuchten Viren zukünftig eine 30 minütige Trocknung im Exsikkator empfohlen.

Im Zuge der Überarbeitung der DVG-Richtlinie zur Prüfung der Viruzidie chemischer Desinfektionsmittel in der Nutztierhaltung wurden BVDV, EAV und PPV auf ihre Eignung als potentielle Prüfviren getestet. Das bisher vorgeschriebene Newcastle-Disease-Virus und das Vacciniavirus sollen mit anderen behüllten Viren wie BVDV oder EAV verglichen werden. Beweggründe für einen möglichen Austausch sind die derzeitige Situation in der Tierseuchenbekämpfung, die Erhöhung der Anwendersicherheit durch Wegfall des zoonotischen Potentials, die einfachere Kultivierung und Handhabung der Prüfviren sowie speziell bei NDV die höhere Aussagekraft der gewonnenen Ergebnisse. Die Desinfektionsmittelversuche wurden gemäß DVG-Richtlinie auf Pappelholzkeimträgern durchgeführt, wobei das jeweilige, mit fetalem Kälberserum vermischte, Virus auf die Keimträger aufgetragen und angetrocknet wurde. Die DVG schreibt eine Trocknung im Brutschrank von 60 Minuten bei 37°C vor. Um die Trocknungsverluste der eingesetzten Viren zu untersuchen, wurden vergleichende Trocknungsversuche wie vorgeschrieben im Brutschrank und im Exsikkator bei Raumtemperatur durchgeführt. Die nach der Trocknung im Brutschrank durchgeführten Desinfektionsmittelversuche wurden mit chemischen Grundsubstanzen kommerziell erhältlicher Desinfektionsmittel durchgeführt. Dabei kamen verschiedene Anwendungskonzentrationen von Ameisensäure, Glutaraldehyd, Natriumhypochlorit, Natronlauge und Peressigsäure zum Einsatz. Bei der vorgeschriebenen Trocknung im Brutschrank kam es zu Titerverlusten von 0,8 bis zu 2,75 log10KID50/ml. Durch eine Trocknung der Holzkeimträger von 30 Minuten bei Raumtemperatur im Exsikkator konnten die Titerverluste auf 0,3 bis 1,0 log10KID50/ml reduziert werden. In den nachfolgenden Desinfektionsversuchen zeigte sich die besonders hohe Tenazität von PPV. Es war den eingesetzten Desinfektionsmitteln gegenüber deutlich resistenter als alle anderen untersuchten Viren. In den Trocknungsversuchen zeigte PPV mit Abstand die niedrigsten Titerverluste. Mit BVDV und EAV konnten zwar ausreichend hohe Titer erzielt werden, allerdings waren die Trocknungsverluste beider Viren sehr hoch. In den Keimträgerversuchen konnte nur in wenigen Versuchen eine Titerreduktion von mehr als 3 Logarithmusstufen erreicht werden. Hier könnte zukünftig die Trocknung im Exsikkator Abhilfe schaffen, um die Trocknungsverluste zu minimieren und eine höhere Titerreduktion zu ermöglichen. Die Ergebnisse einer früheren Arbeit zeigen identische Ergebnisse von NDV und BVDV im Keimträgertest. Ein Ersatz von NDV durch BVDV ist somit zu empfehlen. Eine Verwendung der untersuchten Viren gemäß den derzeitigen DVG-Richtlinien ist möglich, allerdings müssten im Zuge der weiteren Harmonisierung von CEN- und DVG-Richtlinie die Kontrolltiter entsprechend erhöht werden, um die von der CEN geforderte Titerreduktion von vier Logarithmusstufen für eine vollständige Virusinaktivierung einzuhalten. Die Vermehrung der untersuchten Viren zu höheren Ausgangs-, bzw. Kontrolltitern sollte daher Gegenstand weiterer Forschungsarbeit sein. Einer weiteren Verwendung der bisherigen Prüfviren BEV und REOV steht nichts im Wege. Aufgrund der Ergebnisse der vergleichenden Trocknungsversuche wird für alle untersuchten Viren zukünftig eine 30 minütige Trocknung im Exsikkator empfohlen.