Seismic design of highway bridges has improved as a result of the experience gained from large earthquakes of the last thirty years. Ductility demand and reserved capacity are extremely important response measures used in new bridge designs to assess target damage levels. However, the application of practical design approaches specified in bridge design codes is not well-defined for bridges over flexible foundations. Within the scope of this research, thirty two bridge models having varying column aspect ratio, amount of column longitudinal reinforcement and foundation flexibility parameters are investigated through a series of analyses such as response spectrum analysis and inelastic time-history analysis under &ldquo / safety evaluation earthquake&rdquo / hazard level with a return period of 1000 years, and push-over analysis. Using the results of analyses, seismic response of the investigated bridges are identified with several measures such as displacement capacity over demand ratio, global displacement ductility demand, and response modification factor, along with maximum concrete and steel strains of columns. A correlation between concrete and steel strains and seismic response measure values is constructed to estimate damage levels with commonly used response measures. The findings of this research revealed that global displacement ductility demand is not a favorable response measure for assessing damage levels. On the other hand, displacement capacity over demand ratios can be suggested for estimation of damage levels especially where foundation flexibility effects are extensive as system yielding is not taken into consideration.

La presente tesis consiste en el análisis de riesgo ante un Tsunami en edificaciones del distrito de Lurín, el cual es vulnerable por estar ubicado próximo al mar. El desarrollo parte considerando tres escenarios sísmicos de gran magnitud (Mw= 8.0, Mw=8.5 y Mw=8.7) en el Distrito de Lurín, tomando como punto de partida métodos empíricos para hallar los parámetros de estimación de tsunami como la altura máxima de la ola, tiempo de llegada de la primera ola a la costa y la altura de inundación que esta genera. Con los parámetros calculados del tsunami y la información obtenida de entidades nacionales como el Instituto geográfico nacional (IGN), Instituto Nacional de estadística e informática (INEI) y la Municipalidad de Lurín, se elabora la plataforma Geoespacial (SIG), con la introducción y el almacenamiento de estos datos se procederá con análisis y la presentación en forma de tablas de atributos y mapas temáticos, que nos permiten identificar las zonas potencialmente vulnerables, determinar las zonas inundadas, los lotes afectados, la cantidad de personas damnificadas y las pérdidas económicas que se generan, es decir, nos permite analizar el riesgo y vulnerabilidad de las edificaciones, por consiguiente permitirán desarrollar planes de prevención. The folowing thesis is about The analysis of risk in front of a tsunami on buildings in Lurin district. This study area is near to the sea and It is seated in a surface whose topography is not hilly, that is the reason why this district has a constant danger of being hitted by a tsunami. The developement of this thesis has considered three seismic scenarios of great magnitude (Mw= 8.0, Mw=8.5 y Mw=8.7) in Lurin District, having as a starting point empirical methods to find tsunami parameters which are máximum wave height, arrival time of the first wave to the shore and run up. Using tsunami parameters and information obtained from national entities such National geographic Institute (IGN), National Institute of Statistics and Informatics (INEI) and the Municipality of Lurin, the geospacial plataform will be elaborated and as result it has attribute tables and thematic maps to detect potentially vulnerable areas, determine the flooded areas, the affected lots, the number of people affected and economic losses, in other words, this allows the analysis of risk on buildings, Therefore to stablish prevention plans to minimize economic and human losses.

The aim of the work was to perform a statistical analisys of fires in the declared II. the degree of fire alarm (based on selected parameters "damage", "protected value", "direct cost") and in carrying out a systematic analisys of the economic aspects of fire exits in declared II. fire alarm level. The first objective (statistical analisys) was fulfilled by the verification of partial hypotheses H21 to H24, which were created by dividing the H2 hypothesis (the division of the H2 hypothesis into partial hypotheses was generated by defining the current state of the solved problem). The second objective (systemic analisys of economic aspects) was fulfilled by the verification of the H1 hypothesis, on the basis of the algorithm of economic aspects of exits to the outdoor fires, it was possible to quantify the direct exit costs. The hypotheses and their verification were as follows: H1: On the basis of equipment, deployment of forces and means at the exit of the unit, it will be possible to develop a table algorithm for calculating the detailed price of exit costs The assumption of the hypothesis can be illustrated by the relationship for the calculation of direct costs: Xpn =((V Sv)/100) Xphm+(Sm Mth) Xphm+(Xtc Xo)Xpm H2: The selected unit exit parameters will be regression in the selected period and correlation relationship H21 Regression and correlation results can be expected by examining the amount of damage related to individual fires in the period under review, indicating a significant role of lower and medium damage (accepting the hypothesis as evidenced by the shape of the regression line) H22 Investigating the values of values saved in relation to individual fires a regression and correlation result can be expected in the period under review, indicating a significant role of the lower and middle value saved (the hypothesis is supported by the shape of the regression line) H23 Regression and correlation results can be expected by examining the amount of direct costs in relation to individual fires in the period under review, indicating a significant role for direct costs of lower and medium costs (hypothesis assumed by the shape of the regression line) H24 Due to the choice of only three parameters of the examined outdoor fires regression and correlation results between pairs of statistical traits can be expected only at the level of very weak positive or negative correlation in the monitored period (acceptance of the hypothesis is evidenced by the shape of the regression line (the hypothesis is confirmed by defining weak positive and negative correlations, often the results were close to non-correlation) The thesis has theoretical benefits (eg operability of two-dimensional regression and correlations made without scaling and scaling) and practical (defining the formula for calculating direct costs). It was also proposed to continue with follow-up research - to use homogenized sets of fires (harvesting fire, harvested field fires, fodder fires and forest fires) for research, eg on a nationwide scale.