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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Analyse modale de sons d'impact par méthodes haute résolution pour la catégorisation perceptive des matériaux.

Sirdey, Adrien 09 July 2013 (has links)
Faire le lien entre la morphologie d'un signal sonore et certains de ses attributs perceptifs est une étape capitale dans l'élaboration d'un synthétiseur proposant un contrôle intuitif. Certains aspects de cette morphologie peuvent être caractérisés au moyen de "descripteurs acoustiques". Lorsqu'ils sont choisis judicieusement, ces descripteurs permettent de classer des signaux dans des catégories ayant un sens perceptif ; ceci permet d'établir un lien entre morphologie et perception. Dans le travail présenté ici, on s'intéresse en particulier à la catégorisation perceptive de sons d'impact.La plupart des descripteurs considérés ici se construisent à partir d'une modélisation paramétrique du signal. Dans notre cas, la modélisation la plus appropriée semble être la décomposition en somme de sinusoïdes amorties. Une estimation stable et rigoureuse des paramètres du modèle étant essentielle au calcul des descripteurs, on se penche sur la comparaison de plusieurs méthodes de décomposition. Il ressort que la méthode à haute résolution ESPRIT semble la plus indiquée, mais qu'elle ne peut pas être utilisée sous sa forme classique. On propose donc différentes adaptations. En particulier, on s'intéresse à l'application d'ESPRIT dans des repères de Gabor. En outre, on propose des méthodes pour maximiser le caractère parcimonieux de la décomposition.On étudie finalement un cas d'application concret : à partir d'une banque de sons enregistrés en chambre anéchoïque résultant d'impacts sur divers objets du quotidien, on évalue la pertinence d'un ensemble de descripteurs pour la catégorisation en fonction du matériau perçu. / Linking an audio signal morphology with some of its perceptual attributes is a key step when elaborating a intuitively controlled synthesizer. Some of these morphology aspects can be characterized using "acoustical descriptors". When chosen wisely, descriptors can allow a classification of audio signals in categories which are perceptually relevant ; in such cases, this approach establishes a link between morphology and perception. The present work focuses on the perceptual categorization of impact sounds.Most of the descriptors proposed here are computed using a parametrized description of the signal. Here, the most appropriate parametrization seems to be a decomposition in exponentially damped sinusoids. A robust and stable estimation of the model parameters being essential to the computation of relevant descriptors, different parametrization methods are described and compared. From these comparisons, it appears that the high-resolution method ESPRIT is the most appropriate, but that it cannot be applied in its classical form. Several adaptations are therefore investigated. In particular, the application of ESPRIT in Gabor frames is considered. Besides, a method is proposed in order to minimize the number of components necessary for a satisfactory decomposition.Finally, a concrete application is addressed : from an impact sounds bank recorded in an anechoic chamber, elaborated with a wide range of everyday-life objects, the relevance of several acoustical descriptors for the perceptual categorization of the perceived material is investigated.
2

Signal Processing for Spectroscopic Applications

Gudmundson, Erik January 2010 (has links)
Spectroscopic techniques allow for studies of materials and organisms on the atomic and molecular level. Examples of such techniques are nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy—one of the principal techniques to obtain physical, chemical, electronic and structural information about molecules—and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)—an important medical imaging technique for, e.g., visualization of the internal structure of the human body. The less well-known spectroscopic technique of nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) is related to NMR and MRI but with the difference that no external magnetic field is needed. NQR has found applications in, e.g., detection of explosives and narcotics. The first part of this thesis is focused on detection and identification of solid and liquid explosives using both NQR and NMR data. Methods allowing for uncertainties in the assumed signal amplitudes are proposed, as well as methods for estimation of model parameters that allow for non-uniform sampling of the data. The second part treats two medical applications. Firstly, new, fast methods for parameter estimation in MRI data are presented. MRI can be used for, e.g., the diagnosis of anomalies in the skin or in the brain. The presented methods allow for a significant decrease in computational complexity without loss in performance. Secondly, the estimation of blood flow velo-city using medical ultrasound scanners is addressed. Information about anomalies in the blood flow dynamics is an important tool for the diagnosis of, for example, stenosis and atherosclerosis. The presented methods make no assumption on the sampling schemes, allowing for duplex mode transmissions where B-mode images are interleaved with the Doppler emissions.
3

Exploiting Prior Information in Parametric Estimation Problems for Multi-Channel Signal Processing Applications

Wirfält, Petter January 2013 (has links)
This thesis addresses a number of problems all related to parameter estimation in sensor array processing. The unifying theme is that some of these parameters are known before the measurements are acquired. We thus study how to improve the estimation of the unknown parameters by incorporating the knowledge of the known parameters; exploiting this knowledge successfully has the potential to dramatically improve the accuracy of the estimates. For covariance matrix estimation, we exploit that the true covariance matrix is Kronecker and Toeplitz structured. We then devise a method to ascertain that the estimates possess this structure. Additionally, we can show that our proposed estimator has better performance than the state-of-art when the number of samples is low, and that it is also efficient in the sense that the estimates have Cram\'er-Rao lower Bound (CRB) equivalent variance. In the direction of arrival (DOA) scenario, there are different types of prior information; first, we study the case when the location of some of the emitters in the scene is known. We then turn to cases with additional prior information, i.e.~when it is known that some (or all) of the source signals are uncorrelated. As it turns out, knowledge of some DOA combined with this latter form of prior knowledge is especially beneficial, giving estimators that are dramatically more accurate than the state-of-art. We also derive the corresponding CRBs, and show that under quite mild assumptions, the estimators are efficient. Finally, we also investigate the frequency estimation scenario, where the data is a one-dimensional temporal sequence which we model as a spatial multi-sensor response. The line-frequency estimation problem is studied when some of the frequencies are known; through experimental data we show that our approach can be beneficial. The second frequency estimation paper explores the analysis of pulse spin-locking data sequences, which are encountered in nuclear resonance experiments. By introducing a novel modeling technique for such data, we develop a method for estimating the interesting parameters of the model. The technique is significantly faster than previously available methods, and provides accurate estimation results. / Denna doktorsavhandling behandlar parameterestimeringsproblem inom flerkanals-signalbehandling. Den gemensamma förutsättningen för dessa problem är att det finns information om de sökta parametrarna redan innan data analyseras; tanken är att på ett så finurligt sätt som möjligt använda denna kunskap för att förbättra skattningarna av de okända parametrarna. I en uppsats studeras kovariansmatrisskattning när det är känt att den sanna kovariansmatrisen har Kronecker- och Toeplitz-struktur. Baserat på denna kunskap utvecklar vi en metod som säkerställer att även skattningarna har denna struktur, och vi kan visa att den föreslagna skattaren har bättre prestanda än existerande metoder. Vi kan också visa att skattarens varians når Cram\'er-Rao-gränsen (CRB). Vi studerar vidare olika sorters förhandskunskap i riktningsbestämningsscenariot: först i det fall då riktningarna till ett antal av sändarna är kända. Sedan undersöker vi fallet då vi även vet något om kovariansen mellan de mottagna signalerna, nämligen att vissa (eller alla) signaler är okorrelerade. Det visar sig att just kombinationen av förkunskap om både korrelation och riktning är speciellt betydelsefull, och genom att utnyttja denna kunskap på rätt sätt kan vi skapa skattare som är mycket noggrannare än tidigare möjligt. Vi härleder även CRB för fall med denna förhandskunskap, och vi kan visa att de föreslagna skattarna är effektiva. Slutligen behandlar vi även frekvensskattning. I detta problem är data en en-dimensionell temporal sekvens som vi modellerar som en spatiell fler-kanalssignal. Fördelen med denna modelleringsstrategi är att vi kan använda liknande metoder i estimatorerna som vid sensor-signalbehandlingsproblemen. Vi utnyttjar återigen förhandskunskap om källsignalerna: i ett av bidragen är antagandet att vissa frekvenser är kända, och vi modifierar en existerande metod för att ta hänsyn till denna kunskap. Genom att tillämpa den föreslagna metoden på experimentell data visar vi metodens användbarhet. Det andra bidraget inom detta område studerar data som erhålls från exempelvis experiment inom kärnmagnetisk resonans. Vi introducerar en ny modelleringsmetod för sådan data och utvecklar en algoritm för att skatta de önskade parametrarna i denna modell. Vår algoritm är betydligt snabbare än existerande metoder, och skattningarna är tillräckligt noggranna för typiska tillämpningar. / <p>QC 20131115</p>

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