In den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten hat sich die kohärente mehrdimensionale Femtosekunden- Spektroskopie zu einem leistungsstarken und vielseitigen Instrument zur Untersuchung der chemischen Dynamik einer Vielzahl von Quantensystemen entwickelt. Die Kombination von transienten Informationen, die der Anrege-Abrage-Spektroskopie entsprechen, mit Informationen zur Kopplung zwischen energetischen Zuständen und der Systemumgebung ermöglicht einen umfassenden Einblick in atomare und molekulare Eigenschaften. Viele experimentelle 2D-Aufbauten verwenden den kohärenzdetektierten Ansatz, bei dem nichtlineare Systemantworten als kohärente elektrische Felder emittiert und räumlich getrennt von den Anregungspulsen detektiert werden. Als Alternative zu diesem experimentell anspruchsvollen Ansatz wurde die populationsbasierte 2D-Spektroskopie etabliert. Hier wird die kohärente Information in den Phasen einer kollinearen Anregungspulsfolge codiert und aus inkohärenten Signalen wie Fluoreszenz über Phase Cycling extrahiert. Grundsätzlich kann durch die Verwendung von Fluoreszenz als Observable eine Sensitivität bis zum Einzelmolekülniveau erreicht werden. Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Realisierung eines pulsformergestützten vollständig kollinearen fluoreszenzdetektierten 2D-Aufbaus und die Durchführung von Proof-of- Principle-Experimenten in der Flüssigphase. Dieser inhärent phasenstabile und kompakte Aufbau wurde in Kapitel 3 vorgestellt. Der verwendete Pulsformer ermöglicht eine Amplituden- und Phasenmodulation von Schuss zu Schuss. Zwei verschiedene Arten von Weißlichtquellen wurden angewendet und hinsichtlich ihrer jeweiligen Vorteile für die 2D-Fluoreszenzspektroskopie bewertet. Eine Vielzahl von Artefaktquellen, die mit dem vorliegenden Aufbau auftreten können, wurden diskutiert und Korrekturschemata und Anweisungen zur Vermeidung dieser Artefakte bereitgestellt. In Kapitel 4 wurde der Aufbau anhand einer Vierpulssequenz mit Cresylviolett in Ethanol demonstriert. Es wurde ein detailliertes Datenerfassungs- und Datenanalyseverfahren vorgestellt, bei dem Phase Cycling zur Extraktion der nichtlinearen Beiträge verwendet wird. Abhängig vom Phase Cycling-Schema ist es möglich, alle nichtlinearen Beiträge in einer einzigen Messung aufzudecken. Literaturbekannte Oszillationen von Cresylviolett während der Populationszeit konnten reproduziert werden. Aufgrund der Messung in einer Umgebung im Rotating Frame und einer 1 kHz Schuss-zu-Schuss Pulsinkrementierung war es möglich, ein 2D-Spektrum für eine Populationszeit in 6 s zu erhalten. Eine Fehlerevaluierung hat gezeigt, dass eine zehnfache Mittelwertbildung (1 min) ausreicht, um eine mittlere quadratische Abweichung von < 0:05 gegen� uber einer 400-fachen Mittelwertbildung zu erhalten, was beweist, dass das verwendete Messschema gut geeignet ist. Die Realisierung des ersten experimentellen fluoreszenzdetektierten 2Q-2D-Experiments und der erste experimentelle Zugang zum theoretisch vorhergesagten 1Q-2Q-Beitrag wurden in Kapitel 5 vorgestellt. Zu diesem Zweck wurde eine Dreipulssequenz auf Cresylviolett in Ethanol angewendet und die experimentellen Ergebnisse wurden mit Simulationen eines einfachen Sechs-Level-Systems verglichen. Im Gegensatz zur kohärenzdetektierten 2Q-2D-Spektroskopie sind bei dem vorgestellten Aufbau keine nichtresonanten Lösungsmittelsignale und Streuungsbeiträge sichtbar und es ist kein zusätzliches Phasing-Verfahren erforderlich. Durch eine Kombination aus Experimenten und systematischen Simulationen wurden Informationen über die Relaxation der Lösungsmittelhülle und die Korrelationsenergie gewonnen. Auf der Basis von Simulationen wurden Effekte der Pfadauslöschung diskutiert, die darauf schließen lassen, dass die 1Q-2Q-2D-Spektroskopie möglicherweise die quantitative Analyse für molekulare Systeme erleichtert, die eine starke nichtstrahlende Relaxation aus höheren elektronischen Zuständen aufweisen. Zusammenfassend ist es mit der vorgestellten Methode möglich, alle nichtlinearen Beiträge mit einer schnellen Datenaufnahme und einem einfach einzurichtenden Aufbau zu erfassen. Die gezeigten Proof-of-Principle-Experimente stellen eine Erweiterung der 2D-Spektroskopie-Werkzeugpalette dar und bieten eine fundierte Grundlage für zukünftige Anwendungen wie mehrdimensionale Spektroskopie, mehrfarbige 2D-Spektroskopie oder die Kombination von simultanen Flüssig- und Gasphasen-2D-Experimenten. / In the last two decades, coherent multidimensional femtosecond spectroscopy has become a powerful and versatile tool to investigate chemical dynamics of a broad variety of quantum systems. The combination of transient information, equivalent to pumpprobe spectroscopy, with information about coupling between energetic states and the system environment allows an extensive insight into atomic and molecular properties. Many experimental 2D setups employ the coherence-detected approach, where nonlinear system responses are emitted as coherent electric _elds which are detected after spatial separation from the excitation pulses. As an alternative to this experimentally demanding approach, population-based 2D spectroscopy has been established. Here, the coherent information is encoded in the phases of a collinear excitation-pulse train and extracted from incoherent signals like uorescence via phase cycling. In principle, the use of uorescence as observable can boost the sensitivity down to the single-molecule level. The aim of this work was the realization of a pulse-shaper assisted fully collinear uorescence-detected 2D setup and the conducting of proof-of-principle experiments in the liquid phase. This inherently phase-stable and compact setup has been presented in chapter 3, with the utilized pulse shaper granting amplitude and phase modulation on a shot-to-shot basis. Two di_erent types of white-light sources have been applied and evaluated with regard to their respective advantages for 2D uorescence spectroscopy. A variety of artifact sources that can occur with the present setup have been discussed, and correction schemes and instructions for avoiding these artifacts have been provided. In chapter 4, the setup has been demonstrated by employing a four-pulse sequence on cresyl violet in ethanol. A detailed data-acquisition and data-analysis procedure has been presented, where phase cycling is used for extraction of the nonlinear contributions. Depending on the phase-cycling scheme, it is possible to recover all nonlinear contributions in a single measurement. Well-known quantum-beating behavior of cresyl violet during the population time could be reproduced. Due to measuring in a rotating-frame environment and 1 kHz shot-to-shot pulse incrementation, it was possible to obtain a 2D spectrum for one population time in 6 s. Via error evaluation it has been shown that 10_ averaging (1 min) is su_cient to obtain a root-mean-square error of < 0:05 compared to 400_ averaging, proving that the utilized acquisition scheme is well suited. The realization of the _rst experimental uorescence-detected 2Q 2D experiment and the _rst experimental access to the theoretically predicted 1Q-2Q contribution

At the beginning of 2011, the former Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (FZD) was fully integrated into the Helmholtz Association, as Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR). Therefore, the present Annual Report 2010 of the Institute of Radiochemistry (IRC) is published as the first HZDR-Report. The Institute of Radiochemistry is one of the six Research Institutes of this centre. IRC contributes to the research program “Nuclear Safety Research” in the “Research Field of Energy” and performs basic and applied research in radiochemistry and radioecology. Motivation and background of our research are environmental processes relevant for the installation of nuclear waste repositories, for remediation of uranium mining and milling sites, and for radioactive contaminations caused by nuclear accidents and fallout. Because of their high radiotoxicity and long half-life the actinides are of special interest.

We report infrared photodissociation (IRPD) spectra for the D2-tagged titanium oxide cluster anions (TiO2)−n with n = 3–8 in the spectral region from 450 to 1200 cm−1. The IRPD spectra are interpreted with the aid of harmonic spectra from BP86/6-311+G* density functional theory calculations of energetically low-lying isomers. We conclusively assign the IRPD spectra of the n = 3 and n = 6 clusters to global minimum energy structures with Cs and C2 symmetry, respectively. The vibrational spectra of the n = 4 and n = 7 clusters can be attributed to contributions of at most two low-lying structures. While our calculations indicate that the n = 5 and n = 8 clusters have many more low-lying isomers than the other clusters, the dominant contributions to their spectra can be assigned to the lowest energy structures. Through comparison between the calculated and experimental spectra, we can draw conclusions about the size-dependent evolution of the properties of (TiO2)−n clusters, and on their potential utility as model systems for catalysis on a bulk TiO2 surface.

We use cryogenic ion trap vibrational spectroscopy in combination with quantum chemical calculations to study the structure of mono- and dialuminum oxide anions. The infrared photodissociation spectra of D2-tagged AlO1-4 − and Al2O3-6 − are measured in the region from 400 to 1200 cm−1. Structures are assigned based on a comparison to simulated harmonic and anharmonic IR spectra derived from electronic structure calculations. The monoaluminum anions contain an even number of electrons and exhibit an electronic closed-shell ground state. The Al2O3-6 − anions are oxygen-centered radicals. As a result of a delicate balance between localization and delocalization of the unpaired electron, only the BHLYP functional is able to qualitatively describe the observed IR spectra of all species with the exception of AlO3 −. Terminal Al–O stretching modes are found between 1140 and 960 cm−1. Superoxo and peroxo stretching modes are found at higher (1120-1010 cm−1) and lower energies (850-570 cm−1), respectively. Four modes in-between 910 and 530 cm−1 represent the IR fingerprint of the common structural motif of dialuminum oxide anions, an asymmetric four-member Al–(O)2–Al ring.

Infrared photodissociation is used to record the vibrational spectrum of FeO2+(He)2–4 which shows three bands at 1035, 980, and 506 cm−1. Quantum chemical multi-reference configuration interaction calculations (MRCISD) of structures and harmonic frequencies show that these bands are due to two different isomers, an inserted dioxo complex with Fe in the +V oxidation state and a side-on superoxo complex with Fe in the +II oxidation state. These two are separated by a substantial barrier, 53 kJ/mol, whereas the third isomer, an end-on complex between Fe+ and an O2 molecule, is easily converted into the side-on complex. For all three isomers, states of different spin multiplicity have been considered. Our best energies are computed at the MRCISD+Q level, including corrections for complete active space and basis set extension, core-valence correlation, relativistic effects, and zero-point vibrational energy. The average coupled pair functional (ACPF) yields very similar energies. Density functional theory (DFT) differs significantly from our best estimates for this system, with the TPSS functional yielding the best results. The other functionals tested are BP86, PBE, B3LYP, TPSSh, and B2PLYP. Complete active space second order perturbation theory, (CASPT2) performs better than DFT, but less good than ACPF.

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy are combined to trace kinetics of mutarotation in L-fucose. After quenching molten samples down to temperatures between T=313 K and 328 K, the concentrations of two anomeric species change according to a simple exponential time dependence, as seen by an increase in absorbance of specific IR-vibrations. In contrast, the dielectric spectra reveal a slowing down of the structural (α-) relaxation process according to a stretched exponential time dependence (stretching exponent of 1.5 ± 0.2). The rates of change in the IR absorption for α- and β-fucopyranose are (at T = 313 K) nearly one decade faster than that of the intermolecular interactions as measured by the shift of the α-relaxation. This reflects the fact that the α-relaxation monitors the equilibration at a mesoscopic length scale, resulting from fluctuations in the anomeric composition.

Glassy dynamics of polymethylphenylsiloxane (PMPS) is studied by broadband dielectric spectroscopy in one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) nanometric confinement; the former is realized in thin polymer layers having thicknesses down to 5 nm, and the latter in unidirectional (thickness 50 µm) nanopores with diameters varying between 4 and 8 nm. Based on the dielectric measurements carried out in a broad spectral range at widely varying temperatures, glassy dynamics is analyzed in detail in 1D and in 2D confinements with the following results: (i) the segmental dynamics (dynamic glass transition) of PMPS in 1D confinement down to thicknesses of 5 nm is identical to the bulk in the mean relaxation rate and the width of the relaxation time distribution function; (ii) additionally a well separated surface induced relaxation is observed, being assigned to adsorption and desorption processes of polymer segments with the solid interface; (iii) in 2D confinement with native inner pore walls, the segmental dynamics shows a confinement effect, i.e., the smaller the pores are, the faster the segmental dynamics; on silanization, this dependence on the pore diameter vanishes, but the mean relaxation rate is still faster than in 1D confinement; (iv) in a 2D confinement, a pronounced surface induced relaxation process is found, the strength of which increases with the decreasing pore diameter; it can be fully removed by silanization of the inner pore walls; (v) the surface induced relaxation depends on its spectral position only negligibly on the pore diameter; (vi) comparing 1D and 2D confinements, the segmental dynamics in the latter is by about two orders of magnitude faster. All these findings can be comprehended by considering the density of the polymer; in 1D it is assumed to be the same as in the bulk, hence the dynamic glass transition is not altered; in 2D it is reduced due to a frustration of packaging resulting in a higher free volume, as proven by ortho-positronium annihilation lifetime spectroscopy.

Charge transport and structural dynamics in a homologous pair of ammonium and phosphonium based room temperature ionic liquids (ILs) have been characterized over a wide temperature range using broadband dielectric spectroscopy and quasi-elastic light scattering spectroscopy. We have found that the ionic conductivity of the phosphonium based IL is significantly enhanced relative to the ammonium homolog, and this increase is primarily a result of a lower glass transition temperature and higher ion mobility. Additionally, these ILs exhibit pronounced secondary relaxations which are strongly influenced by the atomic identity of the cation charge center. While the secondary relaxation in the phosphonium IL has the expected Arrhenius temperature dependence characteristic of local beta relaxations, the corresponding relaxation process in the ammonium IL was found to exhibit a mildly non-Arrhenius temperature dependence in the measured temperature range—indicative of molecular cooperativity. These differences in both local and long-range molecular dynamics are a direct reflection of the subtly different inter-ionic interactions and mesoscale structures found in these homologous ILs.

Fluorescence intermittency is a random switching between emitting (on) and non-emitting (off) periods found for many single chromophores such as semiconductor quantum dots and organic molecules. The statistics of the duration of on- and off-periods are commonly determined by thresholding the emission time trace of a single chromophore and appear to be power law distributed. Here we test with the help of simulations if the experimentally determined power law distributions can actually reflect the underlying statistics. We find that with the experimentally limited time resolution real power law statistics with exponents αon/off ≳ 1.6, especially if αon ≠ αoff would not be observed as such in the experimental data after binning and thresholding. Instead, a power law appearance could simply be obtained from the continuous distribution of intermediate intensity levels. This challenges much of the obtained data and the models describing the so-called power law blinking.

The vibrational dynamics of theOH stretching mode in Ba(ClO4)2 trihydrate are investigated by means of femtosecond infrared spectroscopy. The sample offers plane cyclic water trimers in the solid phase that feature virtually no hydrogen bond interaction between thewater molecules. Selective excitation of the symmetric and asymmetric stretching leads to fast population redistribution, while simultaneous excitation yields quantum beats, which are monitored via a combination tone that dominates the overtone spectrum. The combination of steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopy with quantum chemical simulations and general theoretical considerations gives indication of various aspects of symmetry breakage. The system shows a joint population lifetime of 8 ps and a long-lived coherence between symmetric and asymmetric stretching, which decays with a time constant of 0.6 ps.