Master of Science / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Joe D. Hancock / Three finishing pig and one broiler chick experiment were completed to determine the effect of diet formulation, mix time, and diet form on growth performance and carcass measurements. In Exp. 1, finishing pigs fed corn-soy diets had greater ADG, HCW, DP, and BF (P < 0.05) compared to pigs fed diets with 30% DDGS and 10% wheat middlings. However, increasing mix time from 60 to 420 s did not affect growth performance or carcass measurements (P > 0.38). In Exp. 2, pigs were fed diets with 32% DDGS and 32% wheat middlings and were mix for 0, 15, 30, 60, or 420 s. There were no differences in growth performance or carcass measurements as mix time was increased from 0 to 420 s (P > 0.06). In Exp. 3, pigs were fed 32% DDGS and 32% wheat middlings in meal and pelleted diets that were mixed for 0 or 180 s. Pelleting diets increased ADG and improved G/F (P > 0.01). Increasing mix time had no effect on ADG or G/F (P > 0.16) as mix time was increased from 0 to 180 s. There were no differences in carcass measurements because of diet form or mix time. In the final experiment (Exp. 4), broiler chicks were fed a corn-soy diet or a diet with 20% DDGS and 20% wheat middlings and mixed for 0, 15, 30, 60, and 300 s. Broiler chicks fed the corn-soy diet had greater G/F (P < 0.01) but increasing mix time from 0 to 300 s did not affect growth performance or carcass characteristics (P > 0.13). Increased mix time in diets with high levels of alternative ingredients does not affect growth performance or carcass measurements when fed to finishing pigs or broiler chicks.

The U.S. has a history of producing surplus corn, but the current and projected growth in ethanol production combined with strong feed and export demand is causing an overall increase in corn utilization. Although livestock feeders are projected to remain the largest users of corn, corn utilization can be reduced if ethanol co-products are used to replace a portion of corn in finishing rations. The objective of this study was to determine the economic trade-offs for cattle feeders when facing higher corn prices and increasing supplies of ethanol co-products. A stochastic partial budget model was used to determine the impact on the cost of gain when ethanol co-products are substituted into rations at varying inclusion rates. The model was built for all four major cattle feeding states: Texas, Nebraska, Kansas, and Colorado. Ration scenarios were developed for each state, based on the research results of feedlot nutrition and personal communication with feedlot operators. The various scenarios were simulated to determine the impacts of changing corn prices, corn processing costs, cattle performance, and feeding and transportation costs for Wet Distiller’s Grains with Solubles (WDGS) on the key output variable, cost of gain. The model results indicated when 15 percent WDGS (on a dry matter basis) replaces a portion of corn and protein supplement, the simulated cost of gain is lower than the base ration scenario when the feedlot is located within 200 miles of ethanol production. When feedlots are located more than 200 miles from an ethanol plant, Dried Distiller’s Grains with Solubles (DDGS) can be fed to lower the cost of gain; therefore, ethanol co-products can be fed to help offset potential increases in corn prices. The partial budget model is a useful tool for livestock, corn, and ethanol producers who are attempting to determine the impacts of ethanol expansion on corn price and utilization. Policy makers can also benefit from the model analysis as they face decisions in the future regarding ethanol and farm policy alternatives.

No description available.

As environmental concerns increase in the U.S., there is a push to go "green". This has fueled the development of ethanol production in the U.S. as a renewable source of energy. In the U.S., corn is used to produce ethanol. Therefore, displacement of corn used in the animal industry to ethanol production has, inevitably caused an increase in the price of corn. Replacing conventional ingredients, such as corn, in monogastric diets with lower cost by products can be attractive economically. The objective of this study was to determine if exogenous enzymes that free reducing sugars from fiber will increase the dispensability of bound nutrients in the economically favorable by-product of ethanol production, distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). Effects of non-starch polysaccharidase (NSPase) inclusion rates and combinations with phytase on the ability to release reducing sugars were investigated. Distillers dried grains with solubles was tested in vitro in combination with hemicellulase (0, 0.1, 1, and 10 U/g of DDGS), cellulase (0, 1.5, 15, and 150 U/g of DDGS), xylanase (0, 2.5, 25, and 250 U/g of DDGS), ï ¢ glucanase (0, 0.006, 0.06, and 0.6 U/g of DDGS), and phytase (0, 250, 500, and 1,000 FTU/kg of DDGS). Results indicated an inhibitory effect of phytase on the ability of NSPases to release reducing sugars from DDGS (P = 0.0004). A second study was conducted to determine individual enzyme kinetics of NSPase on pure substrates when combined with increasing concentrations of phytase. Cellulase (P = 0.03), xylanase (P = 0.09), and ï ¢-glucanase (P = 0.06) combined with increasing concentrations of phytase showed a reduction in the velocity of reducing sugars release from pure substrate. However, we speculate that due to the inability to reach Vmax, the Lineweaver-Burk results were inconclusive. The 1/Km was calculated for all enzymes, and the presence of phytase increased 1/Km for xylanase (P = 0.006). However, -1/Km did not change for cellulase (P = 0.62), ï ¢-glucanase (P = 0.20), and hemicellulase (P = 0.13). In addition, the 1/Vmax was calculated for all enzymes, and the presence of phytase decreased 1/Vmax for cellulase (P = 0.03) and ï ¢ glucanase (P = 0.01). However, the presence of phytase resulted in no change for the 1/Vmax for xylanase (P = 0.81) and hemicellulase (P = 0.14). The slopes of the regression lines for the Lineweaver-Burk plots showed no effect of the presence of phytase for cellulase (P = 0.40) and hemicellulase (P = 0.27). However, the presence of phytase decreased the linear slope for xylanase (P = 0.006), and increased the linear slope for ï ¢ glucanase (P = 0.006). In summary, phytase appears to act as an inhibitor of NSPase activity in the in vitro digestion on DDGS; however, inconsistent results from the inhibition curves preclude us from determining the type of inhibition. / Master of Science

O sucesso da produção animal consiste em menores custos dos fatores de produção. A busca por fontes alternativas na alimentação de frangos de corte, que reduzam custos e mantenham a produtividade, é uma estratégia importante em períodos de crise do setor. Dessa forma, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos de diferentes níveis de grãos de sorgo secos por destilação com solúveis em dietas para frangos de corte sobre as características zootécnicas de desempenho (ganho de peso, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar, rendimento de carcaça e cortes), digestibilidade aparente, coloração da carne e viabilidade econômica da utilização do ingrediente. Foram realizados dois ensaios experimentais. No primeiro ensaio, 864 frangos de corte machos da linhagem Cobb, foram distribuídos em seis tratamentos, com 12 repetições de 12 aves cada, criados de 1 a 41 dias de idade para avaliação do desempenho. Aos 42 dias de idade, as aves foram abatidas e submetidas a avaliações da carcaça. No segundo ensaio experimental, 336 pintainhos foram distribuídos em seis tratamentos, com oito repetições de sete aves cada. Foi realizada a coleta de total de excretas de 16 a 19 dias de idade das aves e verificados os parâmetros de digestibilidade aparente. Os tratamentos experimentais atenderam as exigências de Rostagno et al. (2011), sendo isoprotéicas e isoenergéticas. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em ambos ensaios experimentais, sendo 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 e 25% de inclusão de DDGS de sorgo nas dietas. As aves apresentaram menores ganhos de peso médio (p<0,0001) com inclusões de 20 e 25% de DDGS, respectivamente, em relação aos demais tratamentos, nas dietas pré-inicial, inicial, crescimento e durante o período total de criação (1 a 41 dias). O consumo médio de ração também foi menor (p<0,0001) pelas aves com o fornecimento do nível máximo (25% de DDGS de sorgo) nas fases inicial, crescimento e durante todo o período de criação. A conversão alimentar também foi pior (p<0,0001) nas fases pré-inicial, inicial e de 1 a 41 dias nas aves que consumiram dietas com 25% de DDGS de sorgo. Inclusões de 20 ou 25% de DDGS de sorgo nas dietas resultaram em menor (p<0,0001) rendimento de carcaça e rendimento de peito. As digestibilidades aparentes da matéria seca, do extrato etéreo e da energia não diferiram entre o fornecimento de dieta convencional ou com 5% de inclusão de DDGS de sorgo na dieta (p<0,0001). A digestibilidade aparente da proteína bruta e do fósforo não diferiram (p<0,0001) com o fornecimento de dieta convencional ou com até 10% de inclusão do DDGS de sorgo. A luminosidade foi menor (p<0,0001) com inclusão de 20 ou 25% de DDGS nas dietas em relação aos demais tratamentos. Já a intensidade da cor vermelha foi maior (p=0,0009) com o maior nível de inclusão de DDGS de sorgo. A margem bruta foi menor (p<0,0001) no período total de criação com inclusão de 20 e 25% de DDGS de sorgo nas dietas, respectivamente, em relação aos demais tratamentos. É viável a inclusão de até 15% de DDGS de sorgo em dietas para frangos de corte machos. / The success of animal production is based in its lower costs of production factors. The search for alternative sources in broilers diet wich reduce costs and maintain productivity, is an important strategy in times of industry recession. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of different levels of sorghum dried distillers grains with solubles in broilers diets on the zootechnical performance features (weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion, yield carcass and cuts), apparent digestibility, meat color and economic viability of the ingredient usage. Two experimental trials were performed. In the first trial, 864 Cobb male broilers, were distributed into six treatments, with 12 replicates of 12 birds each, raised from 1 to 41 days of age for performance evaluation. At 42 days of age, birds were slaughtered and submitted to carcass evaluations. In the second experimental trial, 336 chicks were distributed into six treatments with eight repetitions of seven chicks each. Total excreta was collected for 16-19 day old birds and checked the parameters of apparent digestibility. Experimental treatments met the requirements of Rostagno et al. (2011) and there were isoprotein and isoenergetic feed intakes. A completely randomized design was used in both experimental essays, with 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% inclusion of sorghum DDGS in diets. The birds gained less average weight (p<0.0001) with inclusions of 20 and 25% sorghum DDGS in diets, respectively, compared to other treatments, in pre-starter, starter, grower and also during the total period of growing (1-41 days). Average feed intake was also lower (p<0.0001) for the supply of birds maximum level (25% sorghum DDGS) at initial, growth and throughout the rearing period. The feed conversion ratio was also worse (p<0.0001) in the pre-starter, starter phases and 1-41 days on the birds fed with 25% sorghum DDGS in diets. Inclusions of 20 or 25% sorghum DDGS in diets resulted in lower (p<0.0001) carcass yield and breast meat yield. Apparent digestibility of dry matter, ether extract and energy did not differ between the supply of conventional diet or 5% inclusion of sorghum DDGS in the diet (p<0.0001). Apparent digestibility of crude protein and phosphorus did not differ (p<0.0001) with providing conventional diet or with up to 10% inclusion of sorghum DDGS. The brightness was lower (p<0.0001) with the inclusion of 20 or 25% DDGS in the diets compared to other treatments. Already the red color intensity was higher (p=0.0009) with the highest level of inclusion of sorghum DDGS. Gross margin was lower (p<0.0001) in the total period including 20 and 25% sorghum DDGS in diets, respectively, compared to other treatments. It is recommended to include up to 15% sorghum DDGS in broilers diets.

O sucesso da produção animal consiste em menores custos dos fatores de produção. A busca por fontes alternativas na alimentação de frangos de corte, que reduzam custos e mantenham a produtividade, é uma estratégia importante em períodos de crise do setor. Dessa forma, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos de diferentes níveis de grãos de sorgo secos por destilação com solúveis em dietas para frangos de corte sobre as características zootécnicas de desempenho (ganho de peso, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar, rendimento de carcaça e cortes), digestibilidade aparente, coloração da carne e viabilidade econômica da utilização do ingrediente. Foram realizados dois ensaios experimentais. No primeiro ensaio, 864 frangos de corte machos da linhagem Cobb, foram distribuídos em seis tratamentos, com 12 repetições de 12 aves cada, criados de 1 a 41 dias de idade para avaliação do desempenho. Aos 42 dias de idade, as aves foram abatidas e submetidas a avaliações da carcaça. No segundo ensaio experimental, 336 pintainhos foram distribuídos em seis tratamentos, com oito repetições de sete aves cada. Foi realizada a coleta de total de excretas de 16 a 19 dias de idade das aves e verificados os parâmetros de digestibilidade aparente. Os tratamentos experimentais atenderam as exigências de Rostagno et al. (2011), sendo isoprotéicas e isoenergéticas. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em ambos ensaios experimentais, sendo 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 e 25% de inclusão de DDGS de sorgo nas dietas. As aves apresentaram menores ganhos de peso médio (p<0,0001) com inclusões de 20 e 25% de DDGS, respectivamente, em relação aos demais tratamentos, nas dietas pré-inicial, inicial, crescimento e durante o período total de criação (1 a 41 dias). O consumo médio de ração também foi menor (p<0,0001) pelas aves com o fornecimento do nível máximo (25% de DDGS de sorgo) nas fases inicial, crescimento e durante todo o período de criação. A conversão alimentar também foi pior (p<0,0001) nas fases pré-inicial, inicial e de 1 a 41 dias nas aves que consumiram dietas com 25% de DDGS de sorgo. Inclusões de 20 ou 25% de DDGS de sorgo nas dietas resultaram em menor (p<0,0001) rendimento de carcaça e rendimento de peito. As digestibilidades aparentes da matéria seca, do extrato etéreo e da energia não diferiram entre o fornecimento de dieta convencional ou com 5% de inclusão de DDGS de sorgo na dieta (p<0,0001). A digestibilidade aparente da proteína bruta e do fósforo não diferiram (p<0,0001) com o fornecimento de dieta convencional ou com até 10% de inclusão do DDGS de sorgo. A luminosidade foi menor (p<0,0001) com inclusão de 20 ou 25% de DDGS nas dietas em relação aos demais tratamentos. Já a intensidade da cor vermelha foi maior (p=0,0009) com o maior nível de inclusão de DDGS de sorgo. A margem bruta foi menor (p<0,0001) no período total de criação com inclusão de 20 e 25% de DDGS de sorgo nas dietas, respectivamente, em relação aos demais tratamentos. É viável a inclusão de até 15% de DDGS de sorgo em dietas para frangos de corte machos. / The success of animal production is based in its lower costs of production factors. The search for alternative sources in broilers diet wich reduce costs and maintain productivity, is an important strategy in times of industry recession. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of different levels of sorghum dried distillers grains with solubles in broilers diets on the zootechnical performance features (weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion, yield carcass and cuts), apparent digestibility, meat color and economic viability of the ingredient usage. Two experimental trials were performed. In the first trial, 864 Cobb male broilers, were distributed into six treatments, with 12 replicates of 12 birds each, raised from 1 to 41 days of age for performance evaluation. At 42 days of age, birds were slaughtered and submitted to carcass evaluations. In the second experimental trial, 336 chicks were distributed into six treatments with eight repetitions of seven chicks each. Total excreta was collected for 16-19 day old birds and checked the parameters of apparent digestibility. Experimental treatments met the requirements of Rostagno et al. (2011) and there were isoprotein and isoenergetic feed intakes. A completely randomized design was used in both experimental essays, with 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% inclusion of sorghum DDGS in diets. The birds gained less average weight (p<0.0001) with inclusions of 20 and 25% sorghum DDGS in diets, respectively, compared to other treatments, in pre-starter, starter, grower and also during the total period of growing (1-41 days). Average feed intake was also lower (p<0.0001) for the supply of birds maximum level (25% sorghum DDGS) at initial, growth and throughout the rearing period. The feed conversion ratio was also worse (p<0.0001) in the pre-starter, starter phases and 1-41 days on the birds fed with 25% sorghum DDGS in diets. Inclusions of 20 or 25% sorghum DDGS in diets resulted in lower (p<0.0001) carcass yield and breast meat yield. Apparent digestibility of dry matter, ether extract and energy did not differ between the supply of conventional diet or 5% inclusion of sorghum DDGS in the diet (p<0.0001). Apparent digestibility of crude protein and phosphorus did not differ (p<0.0001) with providing conventional diet or with up to 10% inclusion of sorghum DDGS. The brightness was lower (p<0.0001) with the inclusion of 20 or 25% DDGS in the diets compared to other treatments. Already the red color intensity was higher (p=0.0009) with the highest level of inclusion of sorghum DDGS. Gross margin was lower (p<0.0001) in the total period including 20 and 25% sorghum DDGS in diets, respectively, compared to other treatments. It is recommended to include up to 15% sorghum DDGS in broilers diets.

No description available.

No description available.

Feeding value of dried distillers grains with soluble (DDGS) as an energy source for lactating dairy cows was evaluated in two studies. A diet in which barley grain was replaced by DDGS at 20% of dietary dry matter (DM) did not affect milk yield but tended to increase rumen pH compared with the control diet. Diets in which barley silage was replaced by DDGS at 20% of dietary DM increased milk yield and decreased chewing time compared with the control diet in both studies, but decreased rumen pH and milk fat concentration in the second study, and the inclusion of alfalfa hay in place of barley silage at 10% of dietary DM did not alleviate those depressions. In conclusion, DDGS can be used as an energy source as a partial replacement of barley grain or barley silage in diets for lactating dairy cows. / Animal Science

AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF David Williams for the Master of Ruminant Nutrition degree in Animal Science, presented on December 12, 2016 at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. TITLE: IN VITRO APPARENT RUMINAL DIGESTIBILITY OF DIETS CONTAINING CORN DISTILLERS GRAIN WITH VARYING LEVELS OF CRUDE FAT MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. Rebecca Atkinson
 Four dual-flow continuous fermenters were used in a Latin square design to determine the apparent ruminal digestibility and ruminal characteristics of diets containing dried distillers grains plus solubles (DDGS) at various levels of fat content. Fermenters were randomly assigned to one of the following treatments: 1) 40% DDGS containing 4.82% fat content (40 LOW); 2) 40% DDGS plus corn oil to obtain 7.5% fat (40 MED); 3) 40% DDGS plus corn oil to obtain 10.5% fat (40 HIGH); or 4) 70% DDGS plus corn oil to obtain 7.5% fat (70 MED). Rumen fluid was collected at the beginning of each period from two ruminally cannulated Angus cows previously adapted to the 40LOW treatment. Each period consisted of 10 days with a seven day adaptation period followed by three days of sample collection. Calories per gram of diet increased as percent fat increased and calories per gram was greater at the 70% inclusion of DDGS compared to 40% inclusion of DDGS at all levels of fat content. However, level of fat in the diet did not influence (P ≥ 0.35) apparent ruminal digestibility of DM, NDF, ADF, CP or total calories. Similarly, inclusion rate of DDGS had no influence (P ≥ 0.35) on nutrient digestibility. Ammonia concentrations were greatest (P = 0.0002) for 70 MED compared to the other treatments. However, treatment had no impact (P ≥ 0.16) on volatile fatty acid production with the exception of propionate which increased (P =0.05) as the level of DDGS increased from 40 to 70% inclusion rate. This data would suggest that level of fat content of DDGS has no negative influence on apparent ruminal digestibility and select ruminal characteristics. From an economic perspective, higher fat DDGS should have a higher price differential, but lower fat DDGS can still be an effective protein and energy substitute.