AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF David Williams for the Master of Ruminant Nutrition degree in Animal Science, presented on December 12, 2016 at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. TITLE: IN VITRO APPARENT RUMINAL DIGESTIBILITY OF DIETS CONTAINING CORN DISTILLERS GRAIN WITH VARYING LEVELS OF CRUDE FAT MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. Rebecca Atkinson
 Four dual-flow continuous fermenters were used in a Latin square design to determine the apparent ruminal digestibility and ruminal characteristics of diets containing dried distillers grains plus solubles (DDGS) at various levels of fat content. Fermenters were randomly assigned to one of the following treatments: 1) 40% DDGS containing 4.82% fat content (40 LOW); 2) 40% DDGS plus corn oil to obtain 7.5% fat (40 MED); 3) 40% DDGS plus corn oil to obtain 10.5% fat (40 HIGH); or 4) 70% DDGS plus corn oil to obtain 7.5% fat (70 MED). Rumen fluid was collected at the beginning of each period from two ruminally cannulated Angus cows previously adapted to the 40LOW treatment. Each period consisted of 10 days with a seven day adaptation period followed by three days of sample collection. Calories per gram of diet increased as percent fat increased and calories per gram was greater at the 70% inclusion of DDGS compared to 40% inclusion of DDGS at all levels of fat content. However, level of fat in the diet did not influence (P ≥ 0.35) apparent ruminal digestibility of DM, NDF, ADF, CP or total calories. Similarly, inclusion rate of DDGS had no influence (P ≥ 0.35) on nutrient digestibility. Ammonia concentrations were greatest (P = 0.0002) for 70 MED compared to the other treatments. However, treatment had no impact (P ≥ 0.16) on volatile fatty acid production with the exception of propionate which increased (P =0.05) as the level of DDGS increased from 40 to 70% inclusion rate. This data would suggest that level of fat content of DDGS has no negative influence on apparent ruminal digestibility and select ruminal characteristics. From an economic perspective, higher fat DDGS should have a higher price differential, but lower fat DDGS can still be an effective protein and energy substitute.

No description available.

The purpose of this study was to compile practical feeding guidelines for donkeys in the UK. Current guidelines are to feed 0.75 of horse feeding recommendations on a body weight basis. However, the superior digestive efficiency of donkeys, compared to horses, may render the use of horse recommendations inappropriate. The formulation of guidelines specific to donkeys would enable owners to calculate their donkey‟s requirements with greater accuracy and prevent overfeeding. A postal survey, used to gain information on the body condition score of donkeys in the UK, and the husbandry and feeding practices used to manage them, indicated that approximately 24% of donkeys in the UK are overweight. Feeding practices indicated that although owners were aware of their donkey‟s requirement for fibrous forages, the practice of feeding unnecessary concentrates, chaffs and high energy forages, in addition to grazing, was the likely cause of donkeys becoming overweight. The finding that the majority (85 – 90%) of donkeys were kept as non-working companion animals also reduced the need for owners to feed higher energy foods to their donkeys. Results also suggested that owners were unsure of how to adjust their donkey‟s diet to account for seasonal changes in requirements and pasture availability, as most owners‟ adjusted grazing access, and not the feeding of supplementary feeds. From a study of dry matter (DM) and digestible energy (DE) intakes by 20 mature donkeys maintaining weight during each UK season, the maintenance DE requirements of donkeys were calculated. Results showed no effect of sex on DM or DE intake. Season significantly (P<0.001) affected DM and DE intakes, implying increased requirements in winter compared to spring, summer and autumn. Dry matter intakes (DMI) increased from 51g/kg BW0.75 in spring, summer and autumn to 66g/kg BW0.75 in winter. Digestible energy requirements increased from 0.32MJ/kg BW0.75 in spring, summer and autumn to 0.43MJ/kg BW0.75 in winter. Comparison of results with horse recommendations showed considerably reduced requirements by donkeys. Horse recommendations overestimated DE requirements in summer and winter by 82 and 30%, respectively, making horse recommendations unsuitable for calculating donkey energy requirements. Husbandry practices commonly used by owners to manage their donkeys grazing access (grazing time, grazing area, strip grazing), were assessed for their effect on DMI by grazing donkeys in summer and autumn, using n-alkanes. The effect of grazing time was assessed by restricting donkeys to 8, 12 or 23 hours grazing per day. Season significantly affected food intake with donkeys in the 8 and 23 hour grazing groups eating more during summer when pasture availability was greater. Donkeys responded to the poorer quality summer pasture by grazing more intensively but less selectively, increasing the rate at which food was consumed. Grazing time was only influential over grass intake in summer, when pasture was more abundant. Restricting donkeys to 12 hours or less grazing per day significantly (P<0.001) reduced their grass intake compared to that of donkeys with 23 hours access. When grazing sparse pastures (autumn), grazing time did not influence grass intake, indicating an effect of herbage mass on grazing behaviour. Herbage mass was the most influential factor over diet composition (percentage of grass and straw consumed) in a second grazing study assessing the affect of strip grazing and set stocking systems on intake by grazing donkeys during summer and autumn. Herbage mass per donkey was higher in the set stocking system during both seasons, resulting in higher grass intakes. Determining if either grazing system was more effective at regulating grass intake was prevented due to differences in pasture availability between study sites. It is concluded that donkeys have lower DMI and maintenance DE requirements than horses, requiring donkey feeding guidelines to be formulated. Excess body weight in donkeys is caused in part, by the feeding of energy dense feeds in addition to low energy forages. Most owners place little nutritional importance on pasture, despite its potential to provide a large percentage of daily DM, DE and nutrient intake. Therefore nutritional guidelines must include advice on how to manage access to grazing, and how to feed donkeys with access to pasture. Restricting grazing time to 8 hours a day did reduce grass intake by donkeys, but was only effective when grazing abundant pastures. Providing ad libitum straw to grazing donkeys allows them to satisfy their DM and dietary fibre requirements without consuming excess energy.

ELLERY, Everardo Ayres Correia. Equações de predição dos valores energéticos do milho e do farelo de soja para suínos em crescimento com validação ex post. 2013. 55 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em zootecnia)- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2013. / Submitted by Elineudson Ribeiro (elineudsonr@gmail.com) on 2016-05-06T19:04:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_eacellery.pdf: 893066 bytes, checksum: 2cec15703d25a6fa87de6e00137ec7af (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by José Jairo Viana de Sousa (jairo@ufc.br) on 2016-05-27T19:37:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_eacellery.pdf: 893066 bytes, checksum: 2cec15703d25a6fa87de6e00137ec7af (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-27T19:37:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_eacellery.pdf: 893066 bytes, checksum: 2cec15703d25a6fa87de6e00137ec7af (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / The aim of this study was to determine and validate prediction equations for digestible (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) of corn and soybean meal for growing pigs. The prediction equations were developed using data from chemical composition and digestibility and metabolizability of 30 and 25 samples of corn grain and soybean meal, respectively, evaluated in experiments at the Embrapa Suínos e Aves. The equations were estimated through regression analysis, using the REG procedure of SAS and adjusted R² was the criterion of choice to select the best models. Two equations were estimated for DE and two for ME, of corn and soybean meal. To validate the equations, two experiments were performed to determine the values of DE and ME with five samples of corn grain (Experiment I) and five samples of soybean meal (Experiment II). In each experiment, 48 growing pigs with an initial weight of 54,21±1,68 kg (Experiment I) and 54.40 ± 1.76 kg (Experiment II), were sorted in a complete randomized block design with 6 treatments (Experiment I: 1 reference diet and 5 test diets composed of 60% of the reference diet and 40% corn, and Experiment II: 1 reference diet and 5 test diets composed of 70% of the reference diet and 30% soybean meal) and 8 replicates. The experimental unit was the animal. Based on the DE and ME values obtained in the experiments, and in the predicted values obtained with the equations, we proceeded to validate the equations, using the REG procedure of SAS. The criterion for selection of the best model was the lowest prediction error (pe). After validation, the equations that best fit to estimate the digestible and metabolizable energy of corn for growing pigs were: DE = 11812 – (1015.9CP) – (837.9EE) – (1641ADF) + (2616.3Ash) + (47.5CP2) + (114.7CF2) + (46ADF2) – (1.6NDF2) – (997.1Ash2) + (151.9EECF) + (23.2EENDF) – (126.4CPCF) + (136.4CPADF) – (4.0CPNDF), with R2 = 0.81; pe = 2.33 and ME = 12574 – (1254.9CP) – (1140.5EE) – (1359.9ADF) + (2816.3Ash) + (77.6CP2) + (92.3CF2) + (54.1ADF2) – (1.8NDF2) – (1097.2Ash2) + (240.6EECF) + (26.3EENDF) – (157.4CPCF) + (96.5CPADF) – (4.4CPNDF), with R2 = 0.89 e pe = 2.24. For soybean meal the equations that best fit were: DE = 48153 – (1586,1CP) + (744,5EE) + (363,6CF) – (1398,3Ash) + (15,5CP2) – (170,8EE2) – (29,3CF2) + (5,4ADF2) – (2,5NDF2) + (90,6Ash2) – (48,2EEADF) + (33EENDF), with R² = 0.88 and pe = 2.32 e ME = 12692 – (2397,7Ash) – (56,8EE2) + (164,9Ash2) – (102,2EECF) – (12,2EEADF) + (67,6EENDF) + (5,5CPCB) – (2,9CPNDF), with R2 = 0.65 and pe = 1.69. / Com esse estudo objetivou-se determinar e validar equações de predição para energia digestível (ED) e metabolizável (EM) do milho e do farelo de soja com suínos em crescimento. Para obtenção das equações de predição foram utilizados dados de composição química, digestibilidade e metabolizabilidade de 30 amostras de grãos de milho e 25 amostras de farelo de soja avaliadas em experimentos na Embrapa Suínos e Aves, sendo as equações estimadas por meio da análise de regressão, utilizando-se o procedimento REG do pacote estatístico SAS e o R² ajustado como critério de escolha para selecionar os melhores modelos. Foram estimadas duas equação para ED e duas para EM, do milho e do farelo de soja. Para a validação das equações foram realizados dois experimentos para a determinação dos valores de ED e EM de cinco amostras de milho (Experimento I) e cinco amostras de farelo de soja (Experimento II). Em cada experimento, 48 leitões machos castrados, com peso inicial de 54,21±1,68 kg (Experimento I) e 54,40±1,76 kg (Experimento II), foram distribuídos em um delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com 6 tratamentos (Experimento I: 1 ração referência e 5 rações testes, compostas por 60% da dieta referência e 40% de diferentes milhos e para o Experimento II: 1 ração referência e 5 rações testes, compostas por 70% da dieta referência e 30% de diferentes farelos de soja) e 8 repetições, sendo a unidade experimental constituída por um animal. Com base nos resultados de ED e EM obtidos nos experimentos e os valores preditos nas equações, procedeu-se a validação das equações, utilizando-se o procedimento REG do programa SAS, sendo o critério de seleção o menor erro de predição (ep). Após a validação, as equações que melhor se ajustaram para predição dos valores de energia digestível e metabolizável do milho para suínos em crescimento foram as seguintes: ED = 11812 – 1015,9(PB) – 837,9(EE) – 1641(FDA) + 2616,3(MM) + 47,5(PB2) + 114,7(FB2) + 46(FDA2) – 1,6(FDN2) – 997,1(MM2) + 151,9(EEFB) + 23,2(EEFDN) – 126,4(PBFB) + 136,4(PBFDA) – 4,0(PBFDN), com R2 de 0,81 e ep = 2,33 e EM = 12574 – 1254,9(PB) – 1140,5(EE) – 1359,9(FDA) + 2816,3(MM) + 77,6(PB2) + 92,3(FB2) + 54,1(FDA2) – 1,8(FDN2) – 1097,2(MM2) + 240,6(EEFB) + 26,3(EEFDN) – 157,4(PBFB) + 96,5(PBFDA) – 4,4(PBFDN), com R2 de 0,89 e ep = 2,24. Para o farelo de soja as equações que melhor se ajustaram foram: ED = 48153 – 1586,1(PB) + 744,5(EE) + 363,6(FB) – 1398,3(MM) + 15,5(PB2) – 170,8(EE2) – 29,3(FB2) + 5,4(FDA2) – 2,5(FDN2) + 90,6(MM2) – 48,2(EEFDA) + 33(EEFDN), com R² de 0,88 e o ep = 2,32, EM=12692 – 2397,7(MM) – 56,8(EE2) + 164,9(MM2) – 102,2(EEFB) – 12,25(EEFDA) + 67,6(EEFDN) + 5,5(PBFB) – 2,9(PBFDN) com R2 de 0,65 e o ep = 1,69.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Com esse estudo objetivou-se determinar e validar equaÃÃes de prediÃÃo para energia digestÃvel (ED) e metabolizÃvel (EM) do milho e do farelo de soja com suÃnos em crescimento. Para obtenÃÃo das equaÃÃes de prediÃÃo foram utilizados dados de composiÃÃo quÃmica, digestibilidade e metabolizabilidade de 30 amostras de grÃos de milho e 25 amostras de farelo de soja avaliadas em experimentos na Embrapa SuÃnos e Aves, sendo as equaÃÃes estimadas por meio da anÃlise de regressÃo, utilizando-se o procedimento REG do pacote estatÃstico SAS e o RÂ ajustado como critÃrio de escolha para selecionar os melhores modelos. Foram estimadas duas equaÃÃo para ED e duas para EM, do milho e do farelo de soja. Para a validaÃÃo das equaÃÃes foram realizados dois experimentos para a determinaÃÃo dos valores de ED e EM de cinco amostras de milho (Experimento I) e cinco amostras de farelo de soja (Experimento II). Em cada experimento, 48 leitÃes machos castrados, com peso inicial de 54,21Â1,68 kg (Experimento I) e 54,40Â1,76 kg (Experimento II), foram distribuÃdos em um delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com 6 tratamentos (Experimento I: 1 raÃÃo referÃncia e 5 raÃÃes testes, compostas por 60% da dieta referÃncia e 40% de diferentes milhos e para o Experimento II: 1 raÃÃo referÃncia e 5 raÃÃes testes, compostas por 70% da dieta referÃncia e 30% de diferentes farelos de soja) e 8 repetiÃÃes, sendo a unidade experimental constituÃda por um animal. Com base nos resultados de ED e EM obtidos nos experimentos e os valores preditos nas equaÃÃes, procedeu-se a validaÃÃo das equaÃÃes, utilizando-se o procedimento REG do programa SAS, sendo o critÃrio de seleÃÃo o menor erro de prediÃÃo (ep). ApÃs a validaÃÃo, as equaÃÃes que melhor se ajustaram para prediÃÃo dos valores de energia digestÃvel e metabolizÃvel do milho para suÃnos em crescimento foram as seguintes: ED = 11812 â 1015,9(PB) â 837,9(EE) â 1641(FDA) + 2616,3(MM) + 47,5(PB2) + 114,7(FB2) + 46(FDA2) â 1,6(FDN2) â 997,1(MM2) + 151,9(EEFB) + 23,2(EEFDN) â 126,4(PBFB) + 136,4(PBFDA) â 4,0(PBFDN), com R2 de 0,81 e ep = 2,33 e EM = 12574 â 1254,9(PB) â 1140,5(EE) â 1359,9(FDA) + 2816,3(MM) + 77,6(PB2) + 92,3(FB2) + 54,1(FDA2) â 1,8(FDN2) â 1097,2(MM2) + 240,6(EEFB) + 26,3(EEFDN) â 157,4(PBFB) + 96,5(PBFDA) â 4,4(PBFDN), com R2 de 0,89 e ep = 2,24. Para o farelo de soja as equaÃÃes que melhor se ajustaram foram: ED = 48153 â 1586,1(PB) + 744,5(EE) + 363,6(FB) â 1398,3(MM) + 15,5(PB2) â 170,8(EE2) â 29,3(FB2) + 5,4(FDA2) â 2,5(FDN2) + 90,6(MM2) â 48,2(EEFDA) + 33(EEFDN), com RÂ de 0,88 e o ep = 2,32, EM=12692 â 2397,7(MM) â 56,8(EE2) + 164,9(MM2) â 102,2(EEFB) â 12,25(EEFDA) + 67,6(EEFDN) + 5,5(PBFB) â 2,9(PBFDN) com R2 de 0,65 e o ep = 1,69 / The aim of this study was to determine and validate prediction equations for digestible (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) of corn and soybean meal for growing pigs. The prediction equations were developed using data from chemical composition and digestibility and metabolizability of 30 and 25 samples of corn grain and soybean meal, respectively, evaluated in experiments at the Embrapa SuÃnos e Aves. The equations were estimated through regression analysis, using the REG procedure of SAS and adjusted RÂ was the criterion of choice to select the best models. Two equations were estimated for DE and two for ME, of corn and soybean meal. To validate the equations, two experiments were performed to determine the values of DE and ME with five samples of corn grain (Experiment I) and five samples of soybean meal (Experiment II). In each experiment, 48 growing pigs with an initial weight of 54,21Â1,68 kg (Experiment I) and 54.40 Â 1.76 kg (Experiment II), were sorted in a complete randomized block design with 6 treatments (Experiment I: 1 reference diet and 5 test diets composed of 60% of the reference diet and 40% corn, and Experiment II: 1 reference diet and 5 test diets composed of 70% of the reference diet and 30% soybean meal) and 8 replicates. The experimental unit was the animal. Based on the DE and ME values obtained in the experiments, and in the predicted values obtained with the equations, we proceeded to validate the equations, using the REG procedure of SAS. The criterion for selection of the best model was the lowest prediction error (pe). After validation, the equations that best fit to estimate the digestible and metabolizable energy of corn for growing pigs were: DE = 11812 â (1015.9CP) â (837.9EE) â (1641ADF) + (2616.3Ash) + (47.5CP2) + (114.7CF2) + (46ADF2) â (1.6NDF2) â (997.1Ash2) + (151.9EECF) + (23.2EENDF) â (126.4CPCF) + (136.4CPADF) â (4.0CPNDF), with R2 = 0.81; pe = 2.33 and ME = 12574 â (1254.9CP) â (1140.5EE) â (1359.9ADF) + (2816.3Ash) + (77.6CP2) + (92.3CF2) + (54.1ADF2) â (1.8NDF2) â (1097.2Ash2) + (240.6EECF) + (26.3EENDF) â (157.4CPCF) + (96.5CPADF) â (4.4CPNDF), with R2 = 0.89 e pe = 2.24. For soybean meal the equations that best fit were: DE = 48153 â (1586,1CP) + (744,5EE) + (363,6CF) â (1398,3Ash) + (15,5CP2) â (170,8EE2) â (29,3CF2) + (5,4ADF2) â (2,5NDF2) + (90,6Ash2) â (48,2EEADF) + (33EENDF), with RÂ = 0.88 and pe = 2.32 e ME = 12692 â (2397,7Ash) â (56,8EE2) + (164,9Ash2) â (102,2EECF) â (12,2EEADF) + (67,6EENDF) + (5,5CPCB) â (2,9CPNDF), with R2 = 0.65 and pe = 1.69.

Submitted by PAOLA PALAURO SPASIANI null (paspasiani@hotmail.com) on 2016-04-07T22:28:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO_FINAL_PAOLA_COMPLETA.pdf: 1094137 bytes, checksum: 1880f9b0c1c104145166d750bbad626e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-04-08T13:20:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 spasiani_pp_me_jabo.pdf: 1094137 bytes, checksum: 1880f9b0c1c104145166d750bbad626e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-08T13:20:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 spasiani_pp_me_jabo.pdf: 1094137 bytes, checksum: 1880f9b0c1c104145166d750bbad626e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Esse estudo teve como objetivo identificar e quantificar as diferenças na emissão de metano, consumo e digestibilidade aparente de ovinos mantidos em pastos de capim-massai (Panicum maximum x Panicum infestum) em sistema silvipastoril sob lotação intermitente com diferentes espaçamentos arbóreos. O experimento foi conduzido no setor de Forragicultura e Pastagens da FCAV, UNESP Jaboticabal, SP, no período de janeiro a julho de 2015. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de dois espaçamentos entre árvores de eucalipto (Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis) (6,0m x 1,5m e 12,0m x 1,5m) em sistema silvipastoril (E6 e E12, respectivamente), e um tratamento que permaneceu sem árvores (SA). Foram utilizados ovinos adultos, manejados sob lotação intermitente. Como critério de entrada dos animais no pasto, foi utilizada a medida de 95% de interceptação luminosa do capim-massai. Como critério de saída, foi utilizada a altura de 20 cm da planta forrageira. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com três tratamentos (arranjos arbóreos) e seis repetições (piquetes) no caso das variáveis de altura e massa do capim-massai e cinco repetições (animais) das variáveis de digestibilidade, consumo e emissão de metano (CH4). Os pastos foram avaliados em épocas do ano (águas e seca). Foi realizada a análise de contrastes ortogonais (1º e 2º graus) para os ciclos de pastejo e teste de médias Tukey para espaçamentos arbóreos (α=5%). Houve diferença significativa (p<0,05) entre os tratamentos para altura do dossel forrageiro, relação entre massa seca de forragem verde:morta e massa seca de forragem do pré e pós pastejo nos três ciclos, sendo o tratamento E6 o que apresentou os menores (p<0,05) valores em relação aos demais tratamentos. Houve interação significativa (p<0,05) entre os ciclos de pastejo e espaçamentos arbóreos para as médias de digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca (DMS). As médias de DMS do ciclo de julho foram maiores (p<0,05) do que as do ciclo de março. No ciclo de julho as médias de DMS variaram entre os espaçamentos arbóreos sendo no tratamento SA maiores (p<0,05) que o tratamento E6. Houve interação significativa (p<0,05) entre os ciclos de pastejo e espaçamentos arbóreos para as médias de consumo de forragem e de energia. O consumo de matéria seca (CMS) foi maior no ciclo de pastejo de julho. Houve diferença significativa (p<0,05) entre os espaçamentos arbóreos somente nas médias de CMS, consumo de energia bruta (CEB) e consumo de energia digestível (CED) do ciclo de pastejo de julho, onde o tratamento SA apresentou maiores (p<0,05) médias em relação ao tratamento E6. Houve interação significativa (p<0,05) entre os ciclos de pastejo e espaçamentos arbóreos nas médias de emissão de CH4 pelos animais por dia e por ano (CH4dia e CH4ano). No ciclo de pastejo de julho, as médias de CH4dia e CH4ano foram maiores (p<0,05) em comparação com as médias de março. As variáveis de emissão de CH4 por unidade de consumo apresentaram diferenças significativas apenas para ciclo de pastejo, onde julho apresentou menores (p<0,05) valores de emissão e CH4 por kg de matéria seca consumida, por energia bruta consumida e por energia digestível consumida, quando comparado às emissões do ciclo de pastejo de março. / This study aimed to identify and quantify the differences in methane (CH4) emission, intake and apparent digestibility of sheep kept in massaigrass pastures (Panicum maximum x Panicum infestum) in silvopastoral system under intermittent stocking with different arboreal spacings. The experiment was conducted at the Forage and Pastures sector of FCAV, UNESP Jaboticabal, SP, from January to July 2015. The treatments consisted of two spacings between eucalyptus trees (Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis) (6,0m x 1,5m and 12,0m x 1,5m) in silvopastoral system (E6 and E12, respectively), and a treatment that remained treeless (TL). Adult sheep, managed under intermittent stocking were used. As animals enter criteria in the pasture was used to measure 95% light interception of massaigrass. As exit criteria, it used the height of 20 cm of the forage plant. The experimental design was completely randomized with three treatments (arboreal arrangements) and six replicates (paddocks) in the case of height and mass variables of the massaigrass and 5 repetitions (animals) of digestibility variables, intake and emission of methane (CH4). The pastures were evaluated in a year (water and dry seasons). The analysis of orthogonal contrasts was held (1st and 2nd degree) for grazing cycles and Tukey test for arboreal spacings (α = 5%). There was a significant difference (p <0.05) between treatments for sward height, ratio of dry matter forage: dead, dry herbage mass of pre and post grazing in the three cycles, the E6 treatment which presented the lower (p <0.05) values than the other treatments. There was a significant interaction (p <0.05) between grazing cycles and arboreal spacings for the average apparent digestibility of dry matter (DDM). The average DDM July cycle were greater (p <0.05) than those of March cycle. In cycle July average DDM varied between arboreal spacings being larger TL treatment (p <0.05) than the E6 treatment. There was a significant interaction (p <0.05) between grazing cycles and arboreal spacings for the average forage and energy intake. The dry matter intake (DMI) was higher in July grazing cycle. There was a significant difference (p <0.05) between the arboreal spacings only in average DMI, gross energy intake (GEI) and digestible energy intake (DEI) of July grazing cycle, where treatment TL showed higher (p <0.05) averages for the E6 processing. There was a significant interaction (p <0.05) between cycles of grazing and arboreal spacings in average CH4 emission by animals per day and per year (CH4day and CH4year). In the grazing cycle of July, the average CH4day and CH4year were higher (p <0.05) compared with the averages for March. The CH4 emission variables per unit of intake showed significant differences only for grazing cycle, where July showed lower (p <0.05) emission and CH4 per kg of dry matter consumed by gross energy consumption and digestible energy consumed when compared to emissions of March grazing cycle.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Com este trabalho objetivou-se determinar as exigÃncias nutricionais de energia e de proteÃna em cordeiros da raÃa Morada Nova. Inicialmente avaliou-se o efeito dos nÃveis de energia metabolizÃvel (EM) da dieta sobre o consumo e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes e as caracterÃsticas de carcaÃa em 40 cordeiros com peso corporal inicial de 12,2 Â 2,05 kg. Para determinaÃÃo das exigÃncias de energia e de proteÃna foi realizado um abate comparativo com 48 cordeiros, nÃo castrados, com peso corporal (PC) mÃdio de 12,05 Â 1,81 kg e 60 dias de idade, sendo que oito destes foram abatidos no inÃcio do experimento, como grupo referÃncia, a fim de estimarem-se o peso de corpo vazio (PCVZ) e a composiÃÃo corporal inicial dos animais remanescentes, que foram distribuÃdos em um delineamento em blocos casualizados com oito repetiÃÃes e cinco dietas com nÃveis crescentes de energia metabolizÃvel (EM) (0,96; 1,28; 1,72; 2,18 e 2,62 Mcal/kg MS). A composiÃÃo quÃmica corporal foi determinada utilizando-se a composiÃÃo da meia carcaÃa direita e uma amostra do corte entre as 9Â e 11Â costelas (seÃÃo HH) da meia carcaÃa esquerda, avaliando-se a acurÃcia deste mÃtodo indireto para estimativa da composiÃÃo corporal. TambÃm foi estimada a eficiÃncia da utilizaÃÃo da EM para mantenÃa (km) e ganho de peso (kg), exigÃncias de EM, nutrientes digestÃveis totais (NDT) e proteÃna metabolizÃvel (PM) para mantenÃa e ganho em peso. Avaliou-se tambÃm o modelo Small Ruminant Nutrition System (SRNS) para predizer o consumo de matÃria seca (MS) e ganho de peso mÃdio diÃrio (GMD). O modelo SRNS foi avaliado por meio de ajuste do modelo de regressÃo linear simples entre os valores observados e preditos para consumo de MS e de GMD. Para determinaÃÃo das exigÃncias nutricionais, os animais foram abatidos quando a mÃdia do peso corporal (PC) do grupo atingiu 25 kg. Com relaÃÃo ao consumo de nutrientes, observou-se efeito linear crescente dos nÃveis de EM sobre os consumos de matÃria seca (MS), matÃria orgÃnica (MO), proteÃna bruta (PB), carboidratos totais (CT), carboidrato nÃo fibrosos (CNF) e nutrientes digestÃveis totais (NDT), expressos em g/dia. Para os consumos de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e carboidratos fibrosos (CF), observou-se efeito quadrÃtico com pontos de mÃximos iguais a 1,56 e 1,44 Mcal/kg MS (p<0,017 e p<0,003), respectivamente. Com relaÃÃo aos coeficientes de digestibilidade, notou-se efeito linear crescente para todos os nutrientes avaliados (MS, MO, EE, PB, FDN, CT, CF e CNF). O GMD aumentou linearmente (p<0,0001) com o incremento dos nÃveis de EM. O maior valor de GMD foi de 135,98 g/dia para o nÃvel de 2,62 Mcal/kg MS. As caracterÃsticas de carcaÃa observadas (peso da carcaÃa quente, peso da carcaÃa fria, perda por resfriamento e rendimento biolÃgico) nÃo diferiram significativamente em funÃÃo dos nÃveis de EM (p>0,05), com valores mÃdios de 11,52; 11,03; 0,48 kg e 57,25%, respectivamente. O teor de proteÃna corporal elevou-se de 161,67 para 175,28 g/kg PCVZ, em animais com PC de 15 a 30 kg. A deposiÃÃo de proteÃna no GPCVZ aumentou de 177,84 para 192,93 g/kg GPCVZ com o aumento do PC de 15 para 30 kg. A exigÃncia de energia lÃquida para mantenÃa obtida foi de 52,36 Â 1,34 kcal/kgPCVZ0,75/dia. Os conteÃdos de energia e de gordura aumentaram de 1,64 e 79,38 para 2,11 Mcal/kg e 123,73 g/kg de PCVZ, respectivamente, com o aumento do PC de 15 para 30 kg. A exigÃncia lÃquida de energia para GPCVZ aumentou de 2,15 para 2,78 Mcal/kg GPCVZ em animais com PC de 15 a 30 kg. A excreÃÃo diÃria de N foi de 293,17 Â 0,07 mg/kg PC0.75/dia e a exigÃncia lÃquida de proteÃna para mantenÃa foi de 1,83 g/kg PC0,75/dia. A eficiÃncia de utilizaÃÃo da EM para o nÃvel de mantenÃa (0,96 Mcal/kg MS) foi de 0,24; para os demais tratamentos o valor de kg diminuiu com o aumento da energia da dieta. A exigÃncia de EM de mantenÃa de um cordeiro com 20 kg de PC foi de 0,56 Mcal/kg PCVZ. A exigÃncia de PM total e NDT para um animal de 20 kg de PC com um GMD de 200 g/dia foi de 74,86 g/dia e 0,32 kg/dia, respectivamente. O consumo de matÃria seca e o GMD predito pelo modelo SRNS nÃo diferiram (p>0,05) dos valores observados. A determinaÃÃo da composiÃÃo quÃmica da carcaÃa por meio do corte entre as 9Â e 11Â costelas apresentou elevados valores dos coeficientes de correlaÃÃo de Pearson (r), quando para estimar o percentual de proteÃna (r = 0,89), de gordura (r = 0,81) e de cinzas (r = 0,83). Com base nos valores observados e preditos por meio do corte das 9Â e 11Â costelas foram desenvolvidas equaÃÃes para estimar a percentagem de proteÃna, de extrato etÃreo e de cinzas da carcaÃa a partir desses componentes do corte: %EE na carcaÃa = -6,443+2,879*%EE (RÂ=0,76); %PB na carcaÃa = -21,05 + 3,052*%EE (RÂ=0,83); %Cinzas = 4,52 â 0,362*%Cinzas (RÂ=0,15). O corte entre as 9Â e 11Â costelas estimou satisfatoriamente os conteÃdos de proteÃna e de extrato etÃreo do corpo vazio, com valores de r=0,84 e 0,78 para proteÃna e extrato etÃreo, respectivamente. O incremento do nÃvel de energia na dieta em ovinos maximiza o consumo e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes, aumentando o ganho de peso mÃdio diÃrio sem comprometer as caracterÃsticas da carcaÃa. As exigÃncias lÃquidas de energia e de proteÃna para mantenÃa e ganho em peso para cordeiros Morada Nova estÃo abaixo das recomendadas pelos principais sistemas de avaliaÃÃo de alimentos e exigÃncias nutricionais para ovinos. O SRNS pode ser utilizado para estimar o CMS e o GMD desses cordeiros em confinamento. Os teores de proteÃna bruta e de extrato etÃreo do CVZ podem ser estimados satisfatoriamente a partir da composiÃÃo quÃmica do corte entre as 9Â e 11Â costelas. / The objective of this study was to determine the nutritional requirements of energy and protein in Morada Nova lambs. Initially it was evaluated the effects of metabolizable energy (ME) levels were evaluated on intake, nutrient digestibility and carcass traits in 40 Morada Nova lambs with initial weight of 12.2 Â 2.05 kg. To determine the energy requirements and protein was realized a comparative slaughter trial was conducted with 48 Morada Nova lambs, non-castrated and 2 months of age, with initial body weights averaging 12.05 Â 1.81 kg (BW). Eight animals were slaughtered at the beginning of the trial as a reference group, in order to estimate initial empty body weight (EBW) and body composition. The remaining animals were assigned to a randomized block design with eight replications per block and five diets with increasing metabilizable energy contents (0.96, 1.28, 1.72, 2.18 and 2.62 Mcal/kg DM). The chemical composition was determined using the composition of the right half carcass as well as using a sample between the cutting of 9th and 11th ribs (section HH) of the half left carcass, where we sought to evaluate the accuracy of this indirect method for determination of body composition. Was estimate efficiencies of the utilization of metabolizable energy for maintenance (km) and weight gain (kg), the requirements of metabolizable energy (ME), total digestible nutrients (TDN) and metabolizable protein (MP) for maintenance and weight gain of Morada Nova lambs, as well as evaluate the Small Ruminant Nutrition System (SRNS) model for predict dry matter intake (DMI)and average daily gain (ADG). To determine the nutritional requirements the animals were slaughtered when the average body weight (BW) group reached 25 kg. It was detected crescent linear effect of levels of ME for intake of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), total carbohydrates (TC), non fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) in g/day. Quadratic effect was observed for neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake and fibrous carbohydrates (FC) with the maximum point equal to 1.56 and 1.44 Mcal/kg DM (p<0.017) (p<0.003). Linear effect was observed for coefficient of digestibility of DM, OM, EE, CP, NDF, TC, FC and NFC. Daily weight gain (DWG) presented linear increase (p<0.0001) with the levels of ME. The greatest DWG observed was 135.98 g/day for the level of 2.62 Mcal/kg DM. Characteristics of evaluated carcass (hot carcass weight, cold carcass weight, loss by cooling in kilogram, and biological yield) did not vary in function of levels of ME (p>0.05) with average values of 11.52; 11.03; 0.48 kg and 57.25%, respectively. Protein content of the EBW of the animals increased from 161.67 to 175.28 g/kg of EBW when the BW of the animals increased from 15 to 30 kg. The net energy requirement for maintenance obtained was 52.36 Â 1.34 kcal/kg EBW0.75/day. The energy and fat contents of the EBW of the animals increased from 1.64 Mcal/kg and 79.38 g/kg, to 2.11 Mcal/kg and 123.73 g/kg of EBW, respectively, as the BW increased from 15 to 30 kg. The net energy equirements for EBWG increased from 2.15 to 2.78 Mcal/kg EBWG for body weights of 15 and 30 kg. Daily nitrogen excretion was 293.17 Â 0.07 mg/kg BW0.75/day and the net protein requirement for maintenance was 1.83 g/kg BW0.75/day. The amount of protein deposited during the gain increased from 177.84 to 192.93 g/kg of EBWG with the increase in body weight of the animals from 15 to 30 kg. The efficiency of ME utilization for the maintenance level (0.96 Mcal/kg DM) was 0.24, and for the other treatments decreased with increased kg of feed energy (0.60 to 0.40). The ME requirement for maintenance of an Morada Nova lamb of 20 kg BW is 0.56 Mcal/empty body weight, while the total metabolizable protein and total digestible nutrient requirements of an animal of 20 kg BW and ADG of 200g/day is 74.86 g/day and 0.32 kg/day, respectively. The DMI and ADG predicted by the model SRNS did not differ (p&#8804;0.05) from the observed values. The chemical composition of the housing through the use of cutting of 9th and 11th ribs showed high Pearson coefficients of correlation (r), when to estimate the percentage of protein (r = 0.89), fat (r = 0.81) and minerals (r = 0.83). Based on the observed and predicted values by cutting of 9-10-11th ribs equations were developed to estimate the percentage of protein, ether extract and ash of the carcass from these components in cutting of 9th and 11th ribs:% EE in carcass = -6.443 +2.879 *% EE (R Â = 0.76); % CP in carcass = -21.05 + 3.052 *% EE (R Â = 0.83);% Ash in carcass = 4.52 to 0.362% * Ash (R Â = 0.15). The cutting of 9-10-11th ribs satisfactorily estimated the contents of protein and ether extract of the empty body, with r = 0.84 and 0.78 for protein and lipids, respectively. . Increment of energy level in the diets maximized intake and nutrient digestibility. There was increase of daily weight gain of the animals but without changing carcass characteristics. The net energy and protein requirements for maintenance and gain in Morada Nova lambs is lower than values commonly recommended by the main evaluation systems for feed and nutritional requirements for lambs. The crude protein and ether extract of empty body can be satisfactorily estimated from the chemical composition of the cutting of 9th and 11th ribs.

Dans un contexte de limitation de l'utilisation des antibiotiques, de nouvelles stratégies doivent être mises en place pour préserver la santé des animaux, en particulier lors du sevrage. En cuniculture, les stratégies de limitation de l'ingestion permettent de réduire les troubles digestifs en post sevrage et améliorent l'efficacité alimentaire, mais induisent inévitablement un retard de croissance et une baisse du rendement à l'abattage. Ce travail de thèse avait pour objectif d'une part d'optimiser les performances de croissance et de rendement à l'abattage des animaux soumis à une restriction alimentaire via une modulation de la quantité et de la qualité énergétique des aliments et d'autre part d'expliciter les mécanismes physiologiques sous-jacents aux effets bénéfiques d'une ingestion restreinte sur la santé et l'efficacité alimentaire. Nous avons démontré que dans le cadre d'une stratégie de restriction alimentaire un aliment riche en énergie digestible permet d'optimiser la croissance (+2%), le rendement à l'abattage (+0,6 points) et l'efficacité alimentaire (+11%), via notamment une amélioration de l'efficacité digestive, sans pénaliser les paramètres sanitaires, mais ne permet de rattraper que partiellement le retard de croissance induit par la restriction alimentaire (-3% de poids à l'abattage par rapport aux animaux nourris à volonté). Un aliment riche en amidon était favorable à la croissance de ces animaux et en particulier au rendement à l'abattage et n'avait pas d'effet délétère sur les paramètres sanitaires. La restriction alimentaire et la concentration énergétique alimentaire dans une moindre mesure, modulaient la réponse immunitaire via une réduction de la réponse humorale digestive (IgA intestinaux) et systémique (IgA et IgG circulants) sans modification de la réponse inflammatoire. L'activité du microbiote caecal était quant à elle modulée par la masse d'aliment ingérée alors que le profil de la communauté bactérienne caecale, sa diversité et sa richesse ne semblaient pas modifiés par la restriction alimentaire. Toutefois l'abondance relative de certaines familles (Eubacteriaceae, Peptococcaceae et Christensenellaceae) et genres montraient des variations spécifiques à la restriction ou à la concentration énergétique de l'aliment. L'ensemble de ces résultats indiquent que les relations entre les mesures physiologiques et les effets bénéfiques de la restriction alimentaire sur la santé digestive restent complexes et suggèrent l'implication d'autres paramètres métaboliques non évalués. Des hypothèses complémentaires de travail doivent ainsi être envisagées Toutefois nos travaux établissent l'intérêt économique de la restriction alimentaire, quel que soit le contexte sanitaire, et celui de l'utilisation d'aliments à haute valeur énergétique sur les performances zootechniques. Notre étude ouvre dès lors des perspectives de recherches complémentaires d'optimisation des stratégies alimentaires via une modulation de la durée de restriction alimentaire et de la qualité énergétique des aliments. / With the reduction in antibiotic use new strategies are required in order to preserve animal health, particularly around weaning. In rabbit breading feed restriction strategies allow for the reduction of post-weaning digestive disorders and improve feed efficiency, but are inevitably responsible for a reduced growth and carcass yield at slaughter. This work aimed to optimize the growth performances and slaughter yield of restricted fed rabbits through a modulation of the dietary energy concentration and quality. The second objective of this work was to explain the physiological mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of feed restriction upon health and feed efficiency. We demonstrated that, under a restriction strategy, a diet rich in digestible energy increased growth (+2%), slaughter yield (+0.6 points) and feed efficiency (+11%), through an improved digestive efficiency, without penalizing the sanitary parameters. The reduced growth induced by feed restriction was however only partially compensated for (-3% in final weight compared to the ad libitum fed animals). A diet rich in starch induced a higher growth and slaughter yield and did not penalize the sanitary parameters under a restriction strategy. Feed restriction and, to a lesser extent, the dietary energy concentration, modulated the immune response through a reduced humoral response at the digestive (fecal IgA) and systemic (plasmatic IgA and IgG) levels without modifying the inflammatory response. The cecal microbial activity was modulated by the amount of feed ingested while the cecal bacterial community profile, diversity and richness were not affected by the feed intake level. However, the relative abundance of certain families (Eubacteriaceae, Peptococcaceae and Christensenellaceae) and generas demonstrated specific variations according to the feed intake level and the dietary energy concentration. These results indicate that the relationship between the physiological measurements and the beneficial effects of feed restriction upon health remain complex and suggest the implication of other metabolic parameters that weren't measured. Complementary work hypothesis must therefore be considered. This work however enabled us to establish the economic advantage of feed restriction strategies regardless of the sanitary status and demonstrated the beneficial effects of a high energy diet on growth parameters. Our study opens the door to new complementary research projects regarding the optimization of the feeding strategies through for instance the modulation of the restriction length and the dietary energy quality.