Origination of the uniform agricultural cooperatives ("UAC") and their legal basis Abstract: The aim of this thesis was to map in detail the process of the formation of unified agricultural cooperatives. Furthermore, I have tried to characterize the basic features that played a role in the process of the formation of unitary agricultural cooperatives. In my thesis, I proceed chronologically from the publication of the Kosice Government Programme to the government's declaration of 15 September 1953. The first part of my work is devoted to the post-war period. In the introduction of the first part I try to outline the situation that prevailed in the then Czechoslovakia and I accentuate any mention of cooperatives. I then turn to the so-called six agricultural acts and the Hradec programme. The second part of my work is devoted to the events from the victory in February until the adoption of the law on unified agricultural cooperatives. This section begins by mentioning the first post-February government program statement and the agricultural laws passed on March 21, 1948. Next, I present the first post-war agricultural cooperatives concept. Much space is then devoted to the Information Bureau Resolution of June 28, 1948, and the subsequent creation of the conditions for the unified agricultural cooperatives...

Este estudo antropológico tem por base uma etnografia sobre os processos de significação de um movimento social enquanto sujeito coletivo. Trata-se do Movimento Sem-Teto do Centro (MSTC), movimento de moradia a partir do qual são articuladas famílias de baixa renda com o objetivo de obter atendimento por programas habitacionais públicos, principalmente no centro de São Paulo. O MSTC só adquire corpo e sentido a partir da percepção das múltiplas relações que permeiam esse campo. Assim, esta dissertação tem como objetivo apreender o processo de coletivização do MSTC com foco em três principais configurações relacionais: 1) processo de formação do MSTC por segmentação e relações condicionantes de sua estrutura e forma de atuação; 2) relações internas ao movimento, a partir da articulação entre cotidiano e política; e 3) relações entre o movimento e o poder público. / This anthropological work is based upon an ethnography on the processes of meaning of a social movement while a collective subject. It is the Movimento Sem-Teto do Centro (MSTC), a movement for housing from which low income families are articulated with the aim of being attended by governmental housing projects, especially in downtown São Paulo. The MTSC only has meaning and purpose if seen from the many relations that stretch throughout this field. Thus, this dissertation aims at apprehending the MTSC collectivization process while focusing on three main relational settings: 1) the process of formation of the MTSC by segmentation and the conditioning relations in its structure and manner of acting; 2) internal relations of the movement, from the articulation between quotidian and politics; e 3) relations between the movement and public power.

The thesis is focused on description of the situation of peasants in the founding stage of the communist regime and on describing of the facts which led to the collectivization of agriculture. The main objectives are to define the term "kulak" and its development at the end of the forties and early fifties of the last century and to find the answer to the question, whether the main reason for the farmers persecution was the disposal of private property.

The collectivization of agriculture, or in other words, the process of village socialization has become a term that is synonomous for revolutionary changes to the lives of farmers, villages, and the entire countryside. For the older generation, its rememberance illicits mixed emotions; for the younger gereration, it is only a foggy resonance of the beginning of the path towards socialism.The collectivization of Agriculture can be evaluated by several criteria and points of view, whereas by refering to one of them we can characterize this era as the period of mass illegality.And it is this mass illegality that is the major concern of the diploma work. It aims to examine the impact of the collectivization policy on the rural inhabitants and the ensuing reactions as it is rarely studied by regional historiography {--} it is not available or is only available to a limited extent. From my point of view, this interaction is best described by the records of the criminal agenda of Sušice and Horažďovice court from 1949 to 1959; they also form the basis of my thesis.This thesis is focused not just on the general features of collectivization with regard to the mentioned regions, but to a considerable extent, it focuses on concrete examples. This thesis and peoples responses thus attempts, in part, to turn this work into a testimony of our recent history.

Este estudo antropológico tem por base uma etnografia sobre os processos de significação de um movimento social enquanto sujeito coletivo. Trata-se do Movimento Sem-Teto do Centro (MSTC), movimento de moradia a partir do qual são articuladas famílias de baixa renda com o objetivo de obter atendimento por programas habitacionais públicos, principalmente no centro de São Paulo. O MSTC só adquire corpo e sentido a partir da percepção das múltiplas relações que permeiam esse campo. Assim, esta dissertação tem como objetivo apreender o processo de coletivização do MSTC com foco em três principais configurações relacionais: 1) processo de formação do MSTC por segmentação e relações condicionantes de sua estrutura e forma de atuação; 2) relações internas ao movimento, a partir da articulação entre cotidiano e política; e 3) relações entre o movimento e o poder público. / This anthropological work is based upon an ethnography on the processes of meaning of a social movement while a collective subject. It is the Movimento Sem-Teto do Centro (MSTC), a movement for housing from which low income families are articulated with the aim of being attended by governmental housing projects, especially in downtown São Paulo. The MTSC only has meaning and purpose if seen from the many relations that stretch throughout this field. Thus, this dissertation aims at apprehending the MTSC collectivization process while focusing on three main relational settings: 1) the process of formation of the MTSC by segmentation and the conditioning relations in its structure and manner of acting; 2) internal relations of the movement, from the articulation between quotidian and politics; e 3) relations between the movement and public power.

The so called 'operation Kulak' and its impact in the districts Chrudim and Hlinsko Abstract The submitted doctoral thesis analyses the problem of a violent phase of collectivization in Czechoslovakia in the 1950's, with a particular focus on the so called 'Operation Kulak.' In the first part, the author analyses the historical background of collectivization and therefore at first provides with significant milestones in the history of Czechoslovakia. He focuses mainly on the development after the Second World War, with a particular aim to inquire into the relation of land confiscation made on the ground of Czechoslovakian president's decrees. Specific attention is also paid to the fundamental regulations, which are connected either with the agricultural production, land ownership, or with the violent phase of collectivization. Moreover, the author introduces 'Operation Kulak' nationwide. He gives a detailed description of the preparation of the most significant events linked to the above-mentioned operation, including pretexts for its implementation known as 'Babice case' (1951). 'Operation Kulak' was prepared in the highest ranks of the Czechoslovak Communist Party with an involvement of closest collaborators of Klement Gottwald. This operation was aimed against wealthy and medium sized farmers including...

The submitted diploma thesis concerns itself with the reality and literary fiction of socialisation of the Czech village over the years 1948?1960, attempting to capture their features and mutual reflexions. Based on analysis of various sources (chronicles, personal effects, period press material) and period fiction, it follows the events and happenings which were typical of the time. The thesis is divided into three parts. The first part is devoted to actual events and the political and social development which affected the village. Space is given here to a micro-historical study of the life of a real farmer compared with that of a selected literary character from a socialism-building novel set in a village. The second part deals with developments in literature, introduces the socialism-building novel, analyses the selected work and reconstructs literary images. The third part compares the preceding chapters, looks for mutual likenesses and differences, touching upon the issue of deformation due to ideology.

The goal of the thesis was to discuss landscape changes in the cadastral area of interest: Nalžovské Hory village. The landscape has been assessed according to the changes that occurred during the second military mapping (1844-1845) as well as the third military mapping (1877-1880). Changes in the landscape were also assessed using the period after collectivization in the second half of the Twentieth Century and the present day (2011). Further changes have also been proposed for the village, which could be realized by 2020. The development of changes has been observed in agricultural areas, which includes permanent grassland and arable land, as well as the forest and water areas, and finally the urban area. Proposals for changes in the village have been designed to help develop the areas of housing, recreation and business. The practical section provides reasons for the changes and the results are processed in the charts. The work is complemented by a series of historically valuable photos related to the area under study.

The aim of the work is a vision of changing the approach to the landscape and agriculture. Defining a new field structure and supporting the territorial system of ecological stability. Part of the smart landscape is a series of technological support for agriculture in the form of towers. Subsequently, two of these towers are developed to the scale of detail.

本研究旨在探討葉爾欽政府為達成其農業經濟與政治目的，針對蘇聯國營與集體農場，所進行的「去集體化」改革。「去集體化」的主要內涵，即是透過土地改革的執行，來推動農場重組，促使國營與集體農場解散，冀望以私人農場取代之。 本論文首先說明國營與集體農場的經濟與政治問題，並解釋葉爾欽進行「去集體化」之目的。其次，具體描述土地改革、農場重組，以及推展私人農場之改革內容。隨後，分析私人農場發展的經濟、政治與社會文化問題。最後，評估「去集體化」的經濟與政治成效；並探討往後普欽政府對此結果的後續政策。 研究發現「去集體化」的推行，由於設計缺陷與執行不力，加上無法克服改革阻礙，其結果並未改變原有農場結構。私人農場發展不佳，延續蘇聯制度的農場企業仍主導了農業，經濟與政治問題愈趨嚴重。普欽接任總統後，加以調整過去的農業經濟政策，並透過有效之政治手段，改善了葉爾欽所遺留的農業問題。 / This study aims at exploring the de-collectivization reform of Yeltsin government. The pattern of de-collectivization includes the land reform, farm reorganization and development of private farms. Yeltsin attempted to implement the de-collectivization to break up the state and collective farms, and to replace by the private farms for achieving his agricultural economic and political purposes. The thesis analyzes the economic and political problems of the state and collective farms, firstly. After that, the thesis describes the pattern of reform: land reform, farm reorganization, as well as the development of private farms. And following discussion is about the economic, political and socio-cultural problems when developing the private farms. Eventually, the thesis assesses the agricultural economic and political effects of de-collectivization, and that continues exploring the Putin government’s subsequent policies. The conclusion argues that the implementation of de-collectivization didn’t change the structure of Russian farms. The development of private farms was insufficient, and the farm enterprises, which have maintained the Soviet institution, still dominated the Russian agriculture. The economic and political problems became more and more serious. However, the Putin government has adjusted the Yeltsin’s economic and political policies to improve these agricultural issues.