Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) fibre is a natural renewable material which has been used in important areas closely related to people’s daily life. The increasing need of hemp fibre of high quality requires better fibre processing methods, more advanced facilities with higher machine performance and efficiency. Decortication is the key procedure to extract hemp fibre, and it significantly affects the output fibre quality and purity. The machine used for this process, known as a decorticator, needs to be well designed. The energy requirement is worth being evaluated for decorticators. This study consisted of two parts. In the first part, the specific energy of using a hammer mill for decorticating hemp was examined. The experimental data (three hammer mill screen scenarios and three feeding masses) were used to fit modified size-reduction theories (Kick’s, Rittinger’s and Bond’s laws). The experimental data were also used to develop a linear regression model to predict the specific energy from the ratio of initial and final fibre lengths. Results showed that all modified laws and the linear model performed equally well for specific energy prediction, and they had better prediction accuracy at a higher feed rate. In the second part of the study, integrated with virtual reality (VR) technology, TRIZ (“Theory of Inventive Problem Solving” in Russian) method was used for designing and evaluating a new hemp scutcher prototype in virtual environments. An evaluation system was developed for making comparison of the new design and the traditional scutchers. The new design is expected to have a better performance in terms of scale, product quality and energy efficiency. The TRIZ-VR integrated design has great potential to be a fast, reliable and low-cost design trend.

Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) fibre is a natural renewable material which has been used in important areas closely related to people’s daily life. The increasing need of hemp fibre of high quality requires better fibre processing methods, more advanced facilities with higher machine performance and efficiency. Decortication is the key procedure to extract hemp fibre, and it significantly affects the output fibre quality and purity. The machine used for this process, known as a decorticator, needs to be well designed. The energy requirement is worth being evaluated for decorticators. This study consisted of two parts. In the first part, the specific energy of using a hammer mill for decorticating hemp was examined. The experimental data (three hammer mill screen scenarios and three feeding masses) were used to fit modified size-reduction theories (Kick’s, Rittinger’s and Bond’s laws). The experimental data were also used to develop a linear regression model to predict the specific energy from the ratio of initial and final fibre lengths. Results showed that all modified laws and the linear model performed equally well for specific energy prediction, and they had better prediction accuracy at a higher feed rate. In the second part of the study, integrated with virtual reality (VR) technology, TRIZ (“Theory of Inventive Problem Solving” in Russian) method was used for designing and evaluating a new hemp scutcher prototype in virtual environments. An evaluation system was developed for making comparison of the new design and the traditional scutchers. The new design is expected to have a better performance in terms of scale, product quality and energy efficiency. The TRIZ-VR integrated design has great potential to be a fast, reliable and low-cost design trend.

Thesis (B.A.)--Boston University / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / 2031-01-01

BACKGROUND: Bone decortication is essential to activate bone based on the Regional Acceleratory Phenomenon (RAP), a post-injury transient bone remodeling phenomenon. The Piezoelectric knife with low ultrasonic frequency has been shown to cut bone with minimal invasive effect on soft tissues, less inflammatory response compared to conventional Bur that causes trauma leading to excessive inflammation. Previous studies have shown that using graft materials for Guided Bone Regeneration (GBR) had a significant beneficial effect on the healing process and the thickness of new bone formation. This study hypothesized that the piezoelectric knife would create a better tissue response to different graft materials compared to conventional carbide bur with grafts or the graft alone. MATERIAL & METHOD: Eighteen 9-10 week male Sprague-Dawley rats (300-350g) were purchased from Charles River Laboratories. This study was approved by Boston Medical Center Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. The piezoelectric knife (BS1 insert) of the Piezotome 2 (Acteon) was used for deep decortication and compared to a conventional carbide osteotomy bur (#1/2) with Mucograft (Geistlich) or OsteoGen (Impladent, Ltd) graft materials, Onlay graft material alone served as a control. Digital dentistry using Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) located and allowed precise cut of the area of interest without detached the surrounding soft tissue. Tissues collected from day 7 and day 28 were sectioned and stained with Hematoxylin/Eosin or Masson trichome stains. RESULTS: The Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) scans significantly increased the success rate in locating and cutting the area of interest. Hematoxylin & Eosin staining showed on day 7 that piezoelectric knife activated a broad bone response and less inflammatory response. While recruiting and enlarging chondrocytes to the Mucograft area which will turn to new bone. The use of OsteoGen combined with a piezoelectric knife resulted in thickening in the cortical bone around and above the defect area. CONCLUSION: Piezoelectric knife with Mucograft healed faster compared to bur or graft alone. The piezoelectric knife resulted in significantly increased bone thickness when combined with OsteoGen.

Foi realizado estudo experimental para determinar a influência da decorticação dos elementos posteriores da coluna vertebral na integração do enxerto ósseo autólogo esponjoso ou cortical, considerando a avaliação histológica quantitativa e qualitativa dos tecidos (ósseo, cartilaginoso e fibroso) presentes na interface entre o leito receptor e o enxerto ósseo. Setenta e dois ratos Wistar foram divididos em quatro grupos experimentais: grupo I_ leito posterior decorticado enxerto esponjoso, grupo II_ leito posterior decorticado enxerto cortical, grupo III_ leito posterior não decorticado enxerto esponjoso, grupo IV_ leito posterior não decorticado enxerto cortical. Os quatro grupos experimentais foram sacrificados com 3, 6 e 9 semanas de pós-operatório e a região operada foi submetida a avaliação histológica e histomorfométrica. Nos animais sacrificados com 3 semanas de pós-operatório a média da porcentagem de osso neoformado no grupo I foi de 40,87%±5,24, no grupo II de 39,13%±7,27, no grupo III de 6,13%±2,13, no grupo IV de 9,27%±4,06. Foi observada diferença estatística entre os valores da neoformação óssea (p=0,0005). A média da porcentagem de tecido cartilaginoso neoformado no grupo I foi de 8,36%±1,08, no grupo II de 7,46%±0,85, no grupo III de 11,10%±6,026 e no grupo IV de 9,133%±3,84. Não foi observada diferença estatística entre os valores da neoformação de tecido cartilaginoso (p=0,6544). A média da porcentagem de tecido fibroso neoformado no grupo I foi de 11%±3,97, no grupo II de 6,13%±1,78, no grupo III de 26,27%±7,25 e no grupo IV de 21,87%±12,7. Foi observada diferença estatística entre os valores da neoformação de tecido fibroso (p=0,0008). Nos animais sacrificados com 6 semanas de pós-operatório a média da porcentagem de osso neoformado no grupo I foi de 38,53%±14,13, no grupo II de 40,40%±13,90, no grupo III de 10,27%±5,17 e no grupo IV de 7,6%±3,53. Foi observada diferença estatística entre os valores da neoformação óssea (p=0,0005). A média da porcentagem de tecido cartilaginoso neoformado no grupo I foi de 6,6%±3,46, no grupo II de 8,07%±1,74, no grupo III de 7,47%±3,27 e no grupo IV de 6,13%±2,08. Não foi observada diferença estatística entre os valores da neoformação de tecido cartilaginoso (p=0,4889). A média da porcentagem de tecido fibroso neoformado no grupo I foi de 7,67%±5,12, no grupo II foi de 7,1%±3,16, no grupo III de 9,8%±7,54 e no grupo IV de 10,4%±5,59. Não foi observada diferença estatística entre os valores da neoformação de tecido fibroso (p=0,7880). Nos animais sacrificados com 9 semanas de pós-operatório a média da porcentagem de osso neoformado no grupo I foi de 29,53%±3,473, no grupo II de 30,6%±10,48, no grupo III de 16,4%±6,072 e no grupo IV de 18,73%±5,727. Foi observada diferença estatística entre os valores de osso neoformado (p=0,0026). A média da porcentagem de tecido cartilaginoso neoformado no grupo I foi de 3,133%±1,33, no grupo II de 4,067%±1,686, no grupo III de 10,53%±4,751, no grupo IV de 12,07%±2,753. Foi observada diferença estatística entre os valores de tecido cartilaginoso neoformado (p=0,0006). A média da porcentagem de tecido fibroso neoformado no grupo I foi de 3,733%±1,672, no grupo II de 4,4%±1,339, no grupo III de 6,67%±2,767 e no grupo IV de 6,8%±2,492. Foi observada diferença estatística entre os valores da neoformação de tecido fibroso (p=0,0214). A realização da decorticação acelerou o processo histológico da integração do enxerto ósseo. Ocorrendo maior produção de tecido ósseo neoformado e predomínio da ossificação do tipo intramembranosa no grupo de animais nos quais a decorticação foi realizada. / An experimental study was conducted to determine the influence of the posterior vertebral spine elements decortication in the cancellous or cortical bone graft integration, considering the qualitative and quantitative histologic evaluation of the tissue (bone, cartilaginous and fibrous) presents in the interface between the receptor bed and the bone graft. Seventy two Wistar rats were divided in four experimental groups: group I_ decorticated posterior bed and cancellous graft, group II_ decorticated posterior bed and cortical graft, group III_ not decorticated posterior bed and cancellous graft, group IV_ not decorticated posterior bed and cortical graft. The four experimental groups were sacrificed in 3,6 and 9 post-operative weeks and the operated section of the spine was submitted to a histologic and histomorphometric evaluation. In the animals sacrificed in the third post-operative week the mean percentage of new bone formation in the group I was 40,87%±5,24, in the group II 39,13%±7,27, in the group III 6,13%±2,13 and in the group IV 9,27%±4,06. Was observed statistic difference between the percentage of new bone formation (p=0,0005). The mean percentage of cartilaginous tissue new formation in the group I was 8,36%±1,08, in the group II 7,46%±0,85, in the group III 11,10%±6,026 and in the group IV 9,133%±3,84. Was not observed statistic difference between the percentage of cartilaginous tissue new formation (p=0,6544). The mean percentage of fibrous tissue new formation in the group I was 11%±3,97, in the group II 6,13%±1,78, in the group III 26,27%±7,25 and in the group IV 21,87%±12,7. Was observed statistic difference between the percentage of fibrous tissue new formation (p=0,0008). In the animals sacrificed in the sixth post-operative week the mean percentage of new bone formation in the group I was 38,53%±14,13, in the group II 40,40%±13,90, in the group III 10,27%±5,17 and in the group IV 7,6%±3,53. Was observed statistic difference between the percentage of new bone formation (p=0,0005). The mean percentage of cartilaginous tissue new formation in the group I was 6,6%±3,46, in the group II 8,07%±1,74, in the group III 7,47%±3,27 and in the group IV 6,13%±2,08. Was not observed statistic difference between the percentage of cartilaginous tissue new formation (p=0,4889). The mean percentage of fibrous tissue new formation in the group I was 7,67%±5,12, in the group II 7,1%±3,16, in the group III 9,8%±7,54 and in the group IV 10,4%±5,59. Was not observed statistic difference between the percentage of fibrous tissue new formation (p=0,7880). In the animals sacrificed in the ninth post-operative week the mean percentage of new bone formation in the group I was 29,53%±3,473, in the group II 30,6%±10,48, in the group III 16,4%±6,072 and in the group IV 18,73%±5,727. Was observed statistic difference between the percentage of new bone formation (p=0,0026). The mean percentage of cartilaginous tissue new formation in the group I was 3,133%±1,33, in the group II 4,067%±1,686, in the group III 10,53%±4,751 and in the group IV 12,07%±2,753. Was observed statistic difference between the percentage of cartilaginous tissue new formation (p=0,0006). The mean percentage of fibrous tissue new formation in the group I was 3,733%±1,672, in the group II 4,4%±1,339, in the group III 6,67%±2,767 and in the group IV 6,8%±2,492. Was observed statistic difference between the percentage of fibrous tissue new formation (p=0,0214). The decortication procedure accelerated the histologic process of the bone graft integration, occurring more new bone formation and predominance of intramembranous type of ossification, in the animals with the decorticated posterior elements.

Master of Science / Department of Biological & Agricultural Engineering / Donghai Wang / Camelina sativa (L). Crantz that belongs to Brassicaceae family has been grown as a dicotyledonous oilseed crop in the cold places like America and Canada. Camelina seeds are widely used for the extraction of oil and protein. Recently, research found that camelina gum is an excellent candidate for food and industrial uses as thickener or stabilizer. The objectives of this research were 1) to increase camelina gum isolation efficiency using spray drying technology, and 2) to develop an innovative method to remove gum from seed bran to increase protein and oil extraction efficiency and quality. The camelina gums isolated using ethanol precipitation and spray drying method from the whole camelina seeds were compared. Effects of spray drying temperature on yield, gum morphology, and gum rheological and thermal properties were studied. The representative sample dried at 165°C was chosen to study the effects of concentration, temperature, pH and additives (NaCl, CaCl₂, sucrose, and ethanol) on viscosity and viscoelastic properties of the isolated gum. The gum showed a shear thinning behavior when shear rate increased gradually, higher concentrations of additives only slightly affect the rheological properties. Results showed that spray drying is an effective method in terms of saving time and energy, and provided positive rheology benefits on camelina gum isolation. Pre-removal of gum from camelina seeds can increase protein and oil yield and their quality. Decortication can separate 10-17% of the total camelina seed as bran. A wind tunnel was used to separate lighter bran particles from heavier endosperm and unbroken seeds. Camelina gum isolation from the separated seed bran using the traditional ethanol precipitation method was optimized using response surface methodology where the simultaneous effect of the three independent variables (seed bran to water ratio, isolation temperature, and isolation time) were investigated for gum yield, purity, and optimum rheological properties. Three independent quadratic modules were developed and the original data fitted the models fitted (R² = 0.995, 0.877, and 0.804). The optimal isolation conditions were seed bran to water ratio of 1:39, isolation temperature of 35 ºC, and isolation time of 1.5 h and 0.839 desirability was obtained by the rigorous statistics analysis. The protein yield and quality extracted from decorticated endosperm were improved significantly compared with that extracted from whole seeds meal without decortication. In addition, the degumming step can be eliminated before protein and oil extraction that increase protein and oil extraction efficiency.

Orientador: Antônio Carlos de Oliveira Ferraz / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T04:19:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bastos_AdrianoChaves_M.pdf: 2735079 bytes, checksum: cf97e6f8975f1d257161804823965394 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Atualmente o Brasil ocupa o terceiro lugar no ranking mundial na produção e extração do óleo de mamona (Ricinus communis L), correspondendo a 13,2%, depois da Índia e da China, primeiro e segundo maiores produtores, respectivamente. Os frutos de mamona, depois de colhidos, são secos e debulhados obtendo os grãos, os quais são armazenados para posteriormente serem encaminhados à extração do óleo. O processo de extração do óleo é realizado pela prensagem dos grãos íntegros: tegumento e endosperma. Este tegumento é pigmentado e abrasivo, desgastando precocemente os equipamentos e demandando processos adicionais de clarificação do óleo. A decorticação dos grãos para a retirada do tegumento, anterior à prensagem, poderia gerar uma economia no processo de extração. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o efeito da temperatura de secagem nas propriedades físico-mecânicas dos grãos de mamona da cultivar 'AL Guarany 2002', após os frutos serem secos e debulhados. Para tal determinação foram efetuados ensaios de compressão entre pratos planos, rígidos e paralelos nos grãos após os tratamentos de secagem, para as direções do comprimento e largura, obtendo-se a força máxima na ruptura do tegumento, energia na ruptura, deformação específica e rigidez. As temperaturas de secagem utilizadas foram de 40, 60, 80 e 100°C. Posteriormente, foram efetuadas avaliações do grau de ruptura do tegumento após os grãos serem submetidos à alta taxa de deformação utilizando-se equipamento projetado e construído para tal finalidade, denominado DIRADEL. Verificou-se nos ensaios de compressão que a secagem dos frutos de mamona a diferentes temperaturas influencia nas propriedades mecânicas dos grãos de mamona. Com o aumento da temperatura de secagem a força e a energia na ruptura do tegumento para a direção do comprimento reduziram-se e, inversamente, estes valores elevaram-se para a direção da largura. Os valores para a direção do comprimento oscilaram entre 55,52 a 63,11 N para a força máxima na ruptura do tegumento, 0,0169 a 0,0202 J para a energia, 4,03 a 4,48% para a deformação específica e 93,29 a 100,62 N.mm-1 para a rigidez. Para a direção da largura os valores oscilaram entre 58,46 a 70,02 N para a força máxima na ruptura do tegumento, 0,0281 a 0,0365 J para a energia, 9,10 a 11,10% para a deformação específica e 62,11 a 70,50 N.mm-1 para a rigidez. Nos ensaios a alta taxa de deformação, a deformação especifica de 14% apresentou a maior porcentagem de grãos com ruptura total do tegumento e liberação do endosperma inteiro, independente da direção e do tratamento de secagem, sendo esta a deformação específica limite. A direção da largura demonstrou porcentagem de grãos com ruptura total do tegumento e endosperma inteiro inferior à posição do comprimento, independente do tratamento de secagem. O desempenho da decorticação dos grãos de mamona pode ser afetado com grãos secos a temperaturas acima de 60°C, pois a retirada excessiva de água do endosperma prejudica sua resistência deixando-o mais frágil. Secagens com temperaturas mais elevadas devem ocorrer com maior cautela se o intuito for a decorticação dos grãos / Abstract: Brazil currently occupies the third position in the world?s ranking production and extraction of castor oil (Ricinus communis L), corresponding to 13.2%, after India and China which are the first and second biggest producers, respectively. The fruits of castor bean, once harvested, are dried and threshed, and when the grains are obtained, they are stored for later transport to oil extraction. This process is done by pressing the intact grain, seed coat and endosperm. The seed coat is pigmented and abrasive, wearing the equipment earlier and requiring additional processes to clarify the oil, afterwards. The decortication of the grain for seed coat removal, prior to pressing, could generate savings in the extraction process. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of drying temperature on physico-mechanical properties of castor beans, cultivar 'AL Guarany 2002', after the fruits were dried and threshed. For such determination, compression tests were made between flat, rigid and parallel plates on the grains, after the drying treatments, to the directions of length and width, obtaining the maximum force at rupture of the seed coat, energy at break, specific deformation and stiffness. The drying temperatures used were 40, 60, 80 and 100 °C. The grains were evaluated based on the degree of disruption of the tegument after the beans are exposed to high strain rate using equipment designed and built for this purpose, called DIRADEL. It was found in compression test that castor fruits dried at different temperatures was influenced by the mechanical properties of castor beans. With the increase of drying temperature, the strength and energy to break the seed coat along the length is reduced and, conversely, these values rose to the width direction. Values for the direction of the length ranged from 55,52 to 63,11 N for the maximum force at rupture of the seed coat, from 0,0169 to 0,0202 J for energy, 4,03 to 4,48% for the specific deformation and from 93,29 to 100,62 N.mm-1 for stiffness. For the width direction, values ranged from 58,46 to 70,02 N for the maximum force at rupture of the seed coat, from 0,0281 to 0,0365 J for energy, 9,10 to 11,10% for the specific deformation, 62,11 to 70,50 N.mm-1 for stiffness. In the experiments at high strain rate, specific deformation of 14%, had the highest percentage of grains with total rupture of the seed coat and endosperm full release, regardless of direction and drying treatment, which is the specific deformation limit. The width direction showed the percentage of grains with total rupture of the seed coat and endosperm lower whole length of the position, regardless of the drying treatment. The performance of the decortication of castor beans can be affected by dry grains at temperatures above 60°C, because the excessive withdrawal of water from the endosperm, affecting their resistance and making it more fragile. Drying at higher temperatures should be done with greater caution when decorticating the grains / Mestrado / Maquinas Agricolas / Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola

Foi realizado estudo experimental para determinar a influência da decorticação dos elementos posteriores da coluna vertebral na integração do enxerto ósseo autólogo esponjoso ou cortical, considerando a avaliação histológica quantitativa e qualitativa dos tecidos (ósseo, cartilaginoso e fibroso) presentes na interface entre o leito receptor e o enxerto ósseo. Setenta e dois ratos Wistar foram divididos em quatro grupos experimentais: grupo I_ leito posterior decorticado enxerto esponjoso, grupo II_ leito posterior decorticado enxerto cortical, grupo III_ leito posterior não decorticado enxerto esponjoso, grupo IV_ leito posterior não decorticado enxerto cortical. Os quatro grupos experimentais foram sacrificados com 3, 6 e 9 semanas de pós-operatório e a região operada foi submetida a avaliação histológica e histomorfométrica. Nos animais sacrificados com 3 semanas de pós-operatório a média da porcentagem de osso neoformado no grupo I foi de 40,87%±5,24, no grupo II de 39,13%±7,27, no grupo III de 6,13%±2,13, no grupo IV de 9,27%±4,06. Foi observada diferença estatística entre os valores da neoformação óssea (p=0,0005). A média da porcentagem de tecido cartilaginoso neoformado no grupo I foi de 8,36%±1,08, no grupo II de 7,46%±0,85, no grupo III de 11,10%±6,026 e no grupo IV de 9,133%±3,84. Não foi observada diferença estatística entre os valores da neoformação de tecido cartilaginoso (p=0,6544). A média da porcentagem de tecido fibroso neoformado no grupo I foi de 11%±3,97, no grupo II de 6,13%±1,78, no grupo III de 26,27%±7,25 e no grupo IV de 21,87%±12,7. Foi observada diferença estatística entre os valores da neoformação de tecido fibroso (p=0,0008). Nos animais sacrificados com 6 semanas de pós-operatório a média da porcentagem de osso neoformado no grupo I foi de 38,53%±14,13, no grupo II de 40,40%±13,90, no grupo III de 10,27%±5,17 e no grupo IV de 7,6%±3,53. Foi observada diferença estatística entre os valores da neoformação óssea (p=0,0005). A média da porcentagem de tecido cartilaginoso neoformado no grupo I foi de 6,6%±3,46, no grupo II de 8,07%±1,74, no grupo III de 7,47%±3,27 e no grupo IV de 6,13%±2,08. Não foi observada diferença estatística entre os valores da neoformação de tecido cartilaginoso (p=0,4889). A média da porcentagem de tecido fibroso neoformado no grupo I foi de 7,67%±5,12, no grupo II foi de 7,1%±3,16, no grupo III de 9,8%±7,54 e no grupo IV de 10,4%±5,59. Não foi observada diferença estatística entre os valores da neoformação de tecido fibroso (p=0,7880). Nos animais sacrificados com 9 semanas de pós-operatório a média da porcentagem de osso neoformado no grupo I foi de 29,53%±3,473, no grupo II de 30,6%±10,48, no grupo III de 16,4%±6,072 e no grupo IV de 18,73%±5,727. Foi observada diferença estatística entre os valores de osso neoformado (p=0,0026). A média da porcentagem de tecido cartilaginoso neoformado no grupo I foi de 3,133%±1,33, no grupo II de 4,067%±1,686, no grupo III de 10,53%±4,751, no grupo IV de 12,07%±2,753. Foi observada diferença estatística entre os valores de tecido cartilaginoso neoformado (p=0,0006). A média da porcentagem de tecido fibroso neoformado no grupo I foi de 3,733%±1,672, no grupo II de 4,4%±1,339, no grupo III de 6,67%±2,767 e no grupo IV de 6,8%±2,492. Foi observada diferença estatística entre os valores da neoformação de tecido fibroso (p=0,0214). A realização da decorticação acelerou o processo histológico da integração do enxerto ósseo. Ocorrendo maior produção de tecido ósseo neoformado e predomínio da ossificação do tipo intramembranosa no grupo de animais nos quais a decorticação foi realizada. / An experimental study was conducted to determine the influence of the posterior vertebral spine elements decortication in the cancellous or cortical bone graft integration, considering the qualitative and quantitative histologic evaluation of the tissue (bone, cartilaginous and fibrous) presents in the interface between the receptor bed and the bone graft. Seventy two Wistar rats were divided in four experimental groups: group I_ decorticated posterior bed and cancellous graft, group II_ decorticated posterior bed and cortical graft, group III_ not decorticated posterior bed and cancellous graft, group IV_ not decorticated posterior bed and cortical graft. The four experimental groups were sacrificed in 3,6 and 9 post-operative weeks and the operated section of the spine was submitted to a histologic and histomorphometric evaluation. In the animals sacrificed in the third post-operative week the mean percentage of new bone formation in the group I was 40,87%±5,24, in the group II 39,13%±7,27, in the group III 6,13%±2,13 and in the group IV 9,27%±4,06. Was observed statistic difference between the percentage of new bone formation (p=0,0005). The mean percentage of cartilaginous tissue new formation in the group I was 8,36%±1,08, in the group II 7,46%±0,85, in the group III 11,10%±6,026 and in the group IV 9,133%±3,84. Was not observed statistic difference between the percentage of cartilaginous tissue new formation (p=0,6544). The mean percentage of fibrous tissue new formation in the group I was 11%±3,97, in the group II 6,13%±1,78, in the group III 26,27%±7,25 and in the group IV 21,87%±12,7. Was observed statistic difference between the percentage of fibrous tissue new formation (p=0,0008). In the animals sacrificed in the sixth post-operative week the mean percentage of new bone formation in the group I was 38,53%±14,13, in the group II 40,40%±13,90, in the group III 10,27%±5,17 and in the group IV 7,6%±3,53. Was observed statistic difference between the percentage of new bone formation (p=0,0005). The mean percentage of cartilaginous tissue new formation in the group I was 6,6%±3,46, in the group II 8,07%±1,74, in the group III 7,47%±3,27 and in the group IV 6,13%±2,08. Was not observed statistic difference between the percentage of cartilaginous tissue new formation (p=0,4889). The mean percentage of fibrous tissue new formation in the group I was 7,67%±5,12, in the group II 7,1%±3,16, in the group III 9,8%±7,54 and in the group IV 10,4%±5,59. Was not observed statistic difference between the percentage of fibrous tissue new formation (p=0,7880). In the animals sacrificed in the ninth post-operative week the mean percentage of new bone formation in the group I was 29,53%±3,473, in the group II 30,6%±10,48, in the group III 16,4%±6,072 and in the group IV 18,73%±5,727. Was observed statistic difference between the percentage of new bone formation (p=0,0026). The mean percentage of cartilaginous tissue new formation in the group I was 3,133%±1,33, in the group II 4,067%±1,686, in the group III 10,53%±4,751 and in the group IV 12,07%±2,753. Was observed statistic difference between the percentage of cartilaginous tissue new formation (p=0,0006). The mean percentage of fibrous tissue new formation in the group I was 3,733%±1,672, in the group II 4,4%±1,339, in the group III 6,67%±2,767 and in the group IV 6,8%±2,492. Was observed statistic difference between the percentage of fibrous tissue new formation (p=0,0214). The decortication procedure accelerated the histologic process of the bone graft integration, occurring more new bone formation and predominance of intramembranous type of ossification, in the animals with the decorticated posterior elements.

Orientador: Antonio Carlos de Oliveira Ferraz / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T17:41:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Araujo_MaxCesarde_D.pdf: 7097825 bytes, checksum: 6b272d62beac51badea0f638230c5236 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: A agroindústria do caju tem como principal produto econômico à amêndoa da castanha e, atualmente, utiliza o impacto aleatório como princípio de decorticação, com perdas de 40 a 50% de amêndoas inteiras. O desenvolvimento de mecanismos mais adequados para a ruptura da casca e liberação de amêndoas inteiras, exige conhecimento e aplicação de parâmetros associados às propriedades mecânicas do material. Este trabalho investigou algumas destas propriedades da castanha 'CCP 76¿, tais como: variações nas dimensões características, massa e volume, microestrutura, fragilidade do endocarpo e rigidez da amêndoa. Investigou-se também, a deformação específica limite como parâmetro tecnológico para a abertura das castanhas, através de ensaios de impacto. Com os resultados obtidos nestes estudos, desenvolveu-se um protótipo decorticador de cilindros rotativos que utiliza o princípio da compressão combinado com um impacto direcionado. Utilizou-se a metodologia de superfície de resposta para avaliar os resultados dos ensaios mecânicos e de desempenho do protótipo proposto, com castanhas tratadas em diferentes níveis de umidificação e tratamento térmico. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram alterações nas dimensões características, na massa e volume das castanhas, como também, na microestrutura do endocarpo. Os resultados do ensaio de cisalhamento do endocarpo e resistência da amêndoa apontaram diferenças entre material in natura e o tratado termicamente. Nos ensaios de impacto, obteve-se 77,55% de abertura das castanhas com liberação da amêndoa inteira utilizando-se a deformação específica limite de 19%, aplicada ao longo da largura. O protótipo decorticador proposto apresentou desempenho de 67,35% para ruptura total da casca e amêndoa inteira liberada, com apenas uma passada pelos cilindros, utilizando a rotação combinada de 1150-1750rpm. A preparação das castanhas através do efeito combinado do tempo de umidificação e tratamento térmico não afetou o desempenho do protótipo na faixa de variação utilizada, mas apontou a região de tendência onde às respostas são mais adequadas / Abstract: The cashew industry has as its main product the kernel of the cashew nut. Currently, it uses by large the random impact as decortication method which produces losses from 40 to 50% of whole kernels. The development of more appropriate mechanisms to rupture of shell and to release of whole kernel, demands knowledge and application of parameters associated with the mechanical properties of the nut. This work aimed to investigate some of these properties of cashew nut 'CCP 76', such as: variations in characteristic dimensions, mass and volume, microstructure, brittleness of the endocarp and rigidity of kernel associated with nut treatment prior to cracking. It was also investigated, the limit specific deformation as technological parameter using a specially designed impact tester. Based in those studies, it was designed and constructed a nut decorticator prototype with rotary cylinders to combine compression and impact to crack the shell. The response surface methodology was used to evaluate the results of the mechanical tests and the performance of the prototype when cashew nuts treated in different humidity levels and thermal treatment were used. The results showed changes in the characteristic dimensions, in the mass and volume of the cashew nuts as well as in the microstructure of the endocarp after heat treatment. The results for the shear tests in the endocarp and stiffness of the kernel pointed differences between in natura and thermally treated nuts. For the impact test, it was obtained 77,55% of free whole kernels using the limit specific deformation of 19%, applied along the width of the nut. The nut decorticator proposed was able to release 67,35% free whole kernel with just one pass between the cylinders, using the cylinders combined rotation of 1150-1750rpm. The combined effect of time of humidity and thermal treatment used in the preparation of the cashew nuts didn't seem to affect the performance of the prototype, in the range of used. However, it pointed out to an area in the response surface where the combination of treatments would be more appropriate / Doutorado / Maquinas Agricolas / Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola