自負額之運用是保險人在承接業務時，掌控損失頻率與損失幅度的重要方法之一，適當的運用自負額可以穩定保險公司核保利潤營運績效，惟現行自負額仍有許多功能無法完全發揮，甚至造成實務上許多問題，故本文擬研究新型態自負額，以解決實務問題並發揮自負額之功能。 本文選擇以某產險公司實際理賠資料，探討新型態自負額的訂定方式對損失率結果之影響，另以問卷調查方式訪談六家保險公司核保及營業人員對於本文所述目前自負額制度優缺點及新型態自負額可行性之看法，結果顯示在問卷調查中本文所述目前自負額制度現況之優缺點及有關新型態自負額之可行性皆獲訪談者高度認同，在模擬實證上亦能達到對損失率影響不顯著之預期結果。 / Deductible is a key element for insurance companies to control loss frequency and loss severity. Appropriate deductible usage can stabilize underwriting profit for insurance companies. The constraints on present deductible conduct many problems in practice, so this paper proposes new-type deductible research to solve practical problem and develop optimal function of deductible. This article employs actual occurred loss database from one insurance company to study the impact on loss ratios with new-type deductible. Moreover, this paper also conducts qualitative interview survey approach to learn the viewpoints from underwriters and sales of six Taiwan insurance companies with merit and defect of present deductible and new-type deductible usage contained herein. The results show that merit and defect of present deductible and new-type deductible feasible contained herein is highly approved by interviewees. Besides, deductible usage is expected to have insignificant impact in increasing loss ratios through various case study simulations.

This thesis deals with leasing as one of the methods of making investments. You can find in it the conditions for inclusion rent in tax expenses and accounting method for the lessor and the tenant. Of course there is mentioned the development of leasing, not only for tax purposes. The last part of the thesis is devoted to compare leasing with other forms of acquisition of investments, which is related to the practical example.

The diploma thesis deals with corporation income tax and its influence on accountancy according to the requirements of the Czech Republic. The theoretical part looks at first into accounting system and legal norms which provide for the system and then into accounting system of the Czech Republic and individual taxes within the system. A great part of the thesis deals with corporation income tax, taxpayers, tax period, the counting procedure of the tax and entering into accounts. The passages look into tax return, paying corporation income tax and last but not least the tax evasions which we can encounter in connection with the direct taxes. At the end of the thesis, there is a practical example which the theoretical knowledge is applied on.

This thesis is divided into four parts, which deal with the tax deductible costs of the selected company from the point of view of tax control. Successively it describes the tax audit itself and the selected areas of tax deductible expenses, together with relevant case law. Furthermore these theoretical bases are applied to assess selected areas of taxdeductible costs for the selected entity and propose options that would eliminate the risks of such control.

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como finalidad determinar el impacto que generará la aplicación de los gastos deducibles en bares, hoteles y restaurantes en la determinación del pago del impuesto a la renta de trabajo de los niveles socioeconómicos “B” y “C” de Lima Metropolitana del año 2019. Dado que este tipo de gastos, a partir de 2019, permiten deducir el pago del impuesto a la renta de trabajo según lo que indica el Decreto Supremo 248-2018-EF y los cuales serán explicados a detalle en los siguientes párrafos. Es así como, este trabajo de investigación se encuentra estructurado en 5 secciones. En el Capítulo I, Marco Teórico, se encontrarán las definiciones importantes y relevantes que el lector deberá considerar para tener un mejor entendimiento sobre el tema principal, posteriormente. En el Capítulo II, Plan de tesis, se describe el problema principal, los objetivos e hipótesis generales y específicos. En el Capítulo III, se presentó el tipo de investigación a aplicar en el trabajo y se determinó el tamaño de la muestra sujeta a un análisis de carácter cualitativo y cuantitativo. En el Capítulo IV, Desarrollo, se ejecutará la aplicación de los procedimientos planteados en el capítulo anterior y además de ello, se expondrá un caso práctico el cual permitirá sustentar el impacto de los gastos deducibles en bares, hoteles y restaurantes en la determinación del pago del Impuesto a la Renta. Finalmente, en el Capítulo V, Análisis de resultados, se revelan las conclusiones y recomendaciones producto del trabajo de investigación. / The purpose of this research work is to investigate the impact that will be generated by the application of deductible expenses in bars, hotels and restaurants in determining the payment of the labor income tax of the socioeconomic levels "B" and "C" of Lima Metropolitan because of that these new expenses applicable as of 2019 allow us to deduct the payment of the labor income tax as indicated in Supreme Decree 248-2018-EF and which will be explained in detail in the following paragraphs. This research work is structured in 5 sections. In Chapter I, Theoretical Framework, you will find important and relevant definitions that the reader should consider in order to have a better understanding of the main topic, later. In Chapter II, Thesis Plan, describes the main problem, the general and specific objectives and hypotheses. In Chapter III, the type of research to be applied at work was presented and the sample size was determined subject to a qualitative and quantitative analysis. In Chapter IV, Development, the application of the procedures outlined in the previous chapter will be executed and in addition to this, a practical case will be presented which will allow us to support the impact of deductible expenses in bars, hotels and restaurants in determining the Income Tax payment. Finally, in Chapter V, Analysis of results, the conclusions and recommendations of the research work are revealed. / Tesis

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como finalidad proponer una Propuesta de Reforma de los Beneficios Tributarios de Rentas de Quinta Categoría para la Formalización Empresarial en Lima Metropolitana. Se fundamentó la investigación en base a la teoría, análisis, interpretación y aplicación de las normas tributarias, además, asegurando el cumplimiento de los principios constitucionales tributarios que hace posible diseñar una propuesta de modificación de la legislación tributaria viable en un futuro cercano. En el Capítulo I, corresponde al Marco Teórico, se encontrarán las principales definiciones y marco legal, además de un análisis comparativo en un contexto internacional tributario para el mejor entendimiento del tema principal. En el capítulo II, Plan de Investigación, se define el problema principal y secundarios, los objetivos e hipótesis generales y específicos. En el Capítulo III, se presenta la Metodología de Investigación a implementar, que es de carácter mixto, a través de un estudio cualitativo y cuantitativo. Además, se determinó el tamaño de la muestra. En el Capítulo IV, Desarrollo de la Investigación, a través del uso de los instrumentos planteados en el capítulo anterior y, se presenta la propuesta de reforma legislativa, el cual, permitirá sustentar la aplicación de los beneficios tributarios de renta de quinta categoría en la formalización empresarial. Finalmente, en el Capítulo V, Análisis de resultados, desarrollo de la propuesta y se presentan las conclusiones y recomendaciones del tema de investigación. / The present research work has a purpose to determine a Proposal for the Reform of Fifth Category Income Tax Benefits for Business Formalization in Lima Metropolitana. It was based on the investigation of the theory, analysis, interpretation and application of tax regulations, in addition, guarantee the fulfillment of the principles of taxable capacity, that makes possible to design a proposal for the modification of the tax legislation viable in a near future. In Chapter I, corresponding to the Theoretical Framework, the main definitions and legal framework will be found, as well as a comparative analysis in an international tax context for a better understanding of the main topic. In Chapter II, Research Plan, are defined the main and secondary problems, the objectives, and general and specific hypotheses. In Chapter III, the Research Methodology to be implemented is presented, which is of a mixed nature, through a qualitative and quantitative study. In addition, the sample size was determined. In Chapter IV, Research Development, using instruments raised in the previous chapter and, the legislative reform proposal is presented, which will allow supporting the application of the fifth category income tax benefits in the business formalization. Finally, in Chapter V, Analysis of results, development of the proposal and the conclusions and recommendations of the research topic are presented. / Tesis

The pricing of developer projects and housing is a broad area. Setting the right common price is important especially in case of court actions, execution proceedings, the privatising of housing, company mergers, capital investments in companies, estate settlements, liquidations etc. In all these cases substantial financial values are at stake and that is why it is necessary to have quality, correct factual grounds. The sole and at the same time most important basis is an expert opinion, which should guarantee an objective assessment of all circumstances that may influence the common pricing of property, in order to prevent any prejudice to the parties involved, or ensure there is no doubt in respect of possible graft. At present there is no methodology for common pricing of units (apartments and commercial premises) within a larger complex, which would take locality, placement, size, fittings, general state and other parameters that influence the price, into consideration. Yet it is common knowledge that the same unit will have a different price on the first floor, higher floors or top floor, window orientation and view, better surrounding area etc. It is also common that a larger unit with the same fittings and appurtenances will have a lower unit price than a smaller unit. The pricing in these cases is more intuitive, rather than based on analyses and reasoning. The dissertations´ aim was a methodology of pricing individual units in houses or larger complexes, which would simultaneously objectify subjective pricing, providing a rationale that would be unambiguous. This is important especially in case of court actions, execution proceedings or the privatising of housing, to preclude any bias or suspicion of corruption. The methodology also includes a software application that automatically computes input data and allows reviewing of results.

Tax optimization for a Specific Entrepreneur. What does it mean? Specific topisc covered in my thesis include enventroy-taking, reserves, accruals a deferrals, non-deductible and deductible costs (expenses), foreing exchange rate variations, depreciation, provisions against receivables, accrual revenu, deffered tax and others. My thesis concents the tax optimization of a real client company, seated in Prague and working in the building industry.

La presente investigación de tesis pretende analizar el impacto que tienen las deducciones adicionales por gastos en servicios profesionales de médicos y odontólogos, arrendamientos o subarrendamientos de inmuebles y pagos a ESSALUD por trabajadores del hogar, en la determinación del Impuesto a la Renta de cuarta categoría de contribuyentes del distrito de San Isidro en el año 2019, que es el principal objetivo de este trabajo de investigación pues estos tipos de gastos son deducibles hasta un tope de 3 UIT de acuerdo con el Decreto Legislativo N°1258 vigente desde el año 2017. Las cinco secciones que componen este trabajo siguen la línea de investigación estructurada de la siguiente manera: Capítulo I. Marco Teórico, comprende los antecedentes de la investigación, sentará las bases teóricas, definiciones de los conceptos aplicados al tema principal. Capítulo II. Plan de tesis, en el que describimos detalladamente la formulación de hipótesis principales y específicas. Capítulo III. Se hace una explicación extensa sobre la metodología de investigación que se llevará a cabo y se detallan las pautas con las que se determinó el tamaño de la muestra a analizar, cualitativa y cuantitativamente. Capítulo IV. Desarrollo, se evidencia el trabajo de campo realizado tanto con los especialistas, como con la muestra siguiendo a detalle todo lo explicado en el capítulo anterior. Capítulo V. Análisis de resultados, para tener el apoyo de los datos estadísticos se realizaron los procedimientos para validación de hipótesis cuyos resultados se reflejan en las Conclusiones y recomendaciones, que son el producto del trabajo de investigación y las validaciones realizadas. / This thesis research aims to analyze the impact of additional deductions for expenses in professional services of doctors and dentists, leases or subleases of real estate and payments to ESSALUD by domestic workers, in determining the income tax of the fourth category of taxpayers of the San Isidro district in 2019, which is the main objective of this research work since these types of expenses are deductible up to a limit of 3 UIT in accordance with Legislative Decree No. 1258 in force since 2017. The five sections that make up this work follow the line of research structured as follows: Chapter I. Theoretical Framework, includes the background of the research, will lay the theoretical foundations, definitions of the concepts applied to the main topic. Chapter II. Thesis plan, in which we describe in detail the formulation of main and specific hypotheses. Chapter III. An extensive explanation is made about the research methodology that will be carried out and the guidelines with which the size of the sample to be analyzed was determined, qualitatively and quantitatively, are detailed. Chapter IV. Development, the field work carried out both with the specialists and with the sample is evident, following in detail everything explained in the previous chapter. Chapter V. Analysis of results, to have the support of the statistical data, the procedures for the validation of hypotheses were carried out, the results of which are reflected in the Conclusions and recommendations, which are the product of the research work and the validations carried out. / Tesis

After accession to the European Union, tax issues acquired and are still acquiring an entirely new character. A new legal environment is forming both in the Czech Republic and in the European Union. Until now, only indirect taxes have been harmonised, with direct taxes having remained in the domain of each member state. However, we are now feeling pressure to harmonise this area as well. Cases concerning value added tax belong to those that are now most often being resolved in front of the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg. Cases regarding direct taxes are also becoming increasingly important. Will direct taxes be harmonized to the same extent as indirect taxes have? When potential investor is considering his investment into a company, he needs to match comparable figures. Definitely, one of the most important criterions is the amount of profit after taxation followed by payout of dividends. If there are different ways of taxation of corporations in various EU Member States, then there would be no possibility to compare corporations placed in various EU Member States objectively. Therefore, the aim of this thesis is, based on the research in the whole EU regarding taxation of corporations, to suggest a method how to harmonize taxation of corporations, which now prevents companies from trading in a single EU market, and also to minimize corporation’s costs of fulfilment of tax administration requirements of each Member State. This aim has been achieved through the following partial aims: .. An analysis of taxation of corporations in each of all 27 EU Member States, .. An analysis of proposals of the European Commission regarding harmonisation of taxation of companies, .. Suggestion of own method of harmonization of taxation of corporations in the EU. In conclusion, there are emphasized the contributions of this thesis to the science, to the practice and to education.