Orientador: Maria Rita Marques de Oliveira / Banca: Miriam Coelho de Souza / Banca: Marina Vieira da Silva / Banca: Vera Mariza Henriques de Miranda Costa / Banca: José Eduardo Corrente / Resumo: O estado nutricional da população infantil é um indicador relevante de saúde e qualidade de vida da população. Entretanto, faltam estudos longitudinais que dêem conta de avaliar a evolução do estado nutricional num mesmo grupo populacional, que confiram maior confiabilidade aos resultados. Assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa é, a partir de quatro estudos transversais e um longitudinal, avaliar a evolução do estado nutricional de escolares de 1a a 4a séries da rede pública do ensino fundamental da área urbana do município de Piracicaba/SP, de 2003 a 2006. Nesse período foram realizadas 16068 avaliações, sempre no segundo semestre de cada ano, em 9683 escolares de 12 unidades de ensino situadas nas 5 regiões administrativas da cidade de Piracicaba. Esses grupos de escolares avaliados anualmente foram chamados de levantamentos transversais. Ao grupo de escolares (n=347) acompanhado da 1a a 4a série, durante o mesmo período dos estudos transversais chamou-se grupo longitudinal. Foram aferidos o peso e a estatura e levantados dados de identificação pessoal (nome completo, sexo, data de nascimento, série e turma na escola). Os dados foram processados pelo programa Epi-info adotando-se a população de referência do NCHS/CDC - National Center Health Statistics/ Centers for Disease control and prevention - 2000 e expressos em escore-Z (Z) e percentil (P) dos indicadores de estatura para idade (E/I), peso para idade (P/I) e índice de massa corporal/idade (IMC/I). Para a classificação do estado nutricional foram adotados três critérios de pontos de corte segundo a curva da população de referência: NCHS/CDC, WHO - World Health Organization - e o adotado pelo Ministério da Saúde do Brasil. Para análise transversal, os escolares foram agrupados por idade, ano de avaliação e região. Já no estudo longitudinal foram agrupados por idade, que coincide com o ano ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The nutritional status of the pediatric population is a relevant indicator of the health and quality of life of the population. However, more longitudinal studies are needed to assess the nutritional status of a particular population group over time to improve the reliability of the results. Therefore, the objective of this study is to use four crosssectional studies and one longitudinal study to assess the nutritional status over time of first- to fourth-graders attending public elementary schools in the city of Piracicaba, SP, from 2003 to 2006. A total of 16068 assessments of 9683 schoolchildren of 12 schools located in the five administrative regions of Piracicaba were made during this period, always in the second semester of each year. These groups of schoolchildren assessed on a yearly basis were called cross-sectional groups. Another group of schoolchildren (n=347) was followed from first to fourth grades during the same period the cross-sectional studies were done. They were called longitudinal group. The following data were collected: name, gender, birth date, grade, class, weight and height. The data were processed by the software Epi-info using the NCHS/CDC - National Center for Health Statistics / Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - 2000 population as reference and expressed as z-scores (Z) and percentiles (P) of the indicators height-for-age (H/A), weight-for-age (W/A), and body mass index-forage (BMI/A). The nutritional status was classified according to the cutoff points given by the NCHS/CDC, World Health Organization (WHO) and that used by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. The schoolchildren were grouped by age, year of assessment and region for the cross-sectional assessment and grouped by age (which coincides with the year of assessment) for the longitudinal assessment. Changes in the nutritional status of these schoolchildren were characterized by reducing... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

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In order to examine the effects of prelatent/latent iron deficiency on physical work capacity and selected muscle enzyme activities, forty female subjects were studied before and after eight weeks of supplementation with either oral iron or a matching placebo. Initially, female volunteers engaged in regular endurance running were screened for iron deficiency by blood analysis (serum ferritin and hemoglobin). Forty non-anemic subjects with deficient iron stores underwent physiological and anthropometric tests to obtain a comprehensive profile. The specific physical work capacity tests were alactic and lactacid power on the Wingate cycle ergometer test, lactacid capacity on the anaerobic speed test, anaerobic (ventilatory) threshold using gas exchange variables, V0₂ max. and the max. treadmill velocity during the V0₂ max. test. Muscle biopsy samples pre-, and post- treatment were assayed for citrate synthase and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity. Treatment was oral iron supplementation (320 mg ferrous sulfate = 100 mg elemental iron taken as SLOW-Fe® twice a day) or a matching placebo. The subjects were randomly assigned to one of the treatment groups and a double-blind method of administration of the supplements was used. It was hypothesized that work capacity would be enhanced following oral iron supplementation, possibly due to the repletion of iron containing oxidative enzymes important in energy production. Results could not strongly support this hypothesis with the difference between the two groups on the work capacity and enzyme activity variables being statistically nonsignificant. Serum ferritin values rose from a mean of 12.4+4.5 to 37.7+19.7 ngml⁻¹ for the experimental group and 12.2±4.3 to 17.2±8.9 for the controls; (p=0.0025). Hemoglobin levels remained fairly constant for both treatment groups; 13.4±0.6 to 13.5±0.5 gdl⁻¹ (experimental), and 13.0±0.6 to 13.1+0.5 (control); (p=0.6). Pre to post values on the work capacity variables, experimental vs control respectively were: Alactic power, 8.8 to 8.4 watts-kg⁻¹ body wt. vs 8.4 to 8.2; lactacid capacity, 6.9 to 6.9 watts-kg⁻¹ body wt. vs 7.0 to 6.0; anaerobic speed test, 41.3 to 45.1 seconds vs 43.7 to 44.8; anaerobic threshold, 7.4 to 7.5 mileshour⁻¹ vs 7.2 to 7.2; V0₂ max, 51.3 to 52.7 ml-kg⁻¹ min⁻¹ vs 50.6 to 50.6; max velocity during V0₂ max, 9.8 to 9.8 mileshour⁻¹ vs 9.6 to 9.5. Except for alactic power, the change in work capacity favored the iron treated group. Noting this trend, further study may be warranted. Prelatent/latent iron deficiency appeared not to depress the activities of the two enzymes measured. Cytoplasmic alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity rose from 0.066 to 0.085 units for the experimental group (p=.58) vs .058 to .066 for the control group and citrate synthase activity changed from 0.047 to 0.048 (experimental) vs 0.039 to 0.042 (control). It can be concluded that eight weeks of iron supplementation to prelatent/latent iron deficient, physically active females does not significantly enhance work capacity nor the activity of 2 oxidative muscle enzymes (citrate synthase and cytoplasmic alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase). Within the limitations of this study the presence of a serum ferritin below 20 ng-ml⁻¹ does not pose a significant handicap to anaerobic or aerobic capacity. / Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies / Graduate

Motivation and study design: Iron deficiency is a common condition in infancy, particularly in lower socio-economic groups. In Cape Town it remains a problem in spite of public health measures taken against it: a recent survey found a prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia of 34% in healthy 1-year old term infants who had ready access to a municipal health clinic where iron fortified milk formula is sold at subsidized prices. The consequences of iron deficiency extend beyond anaemia- to involve all organ systems including the immune system. Since Helen Mackay's report in 1928 of a striking decrease in incidents of infection in infants treated with iron, clinicians have assumed that iron deficiency predisposes to infection. Despite a sound theoretical basis for this belief, the clinical evidence for the assumption is poor as studies to date have displayed methodological deficiencies. On the other hand, iron is also essential for the growth of micro-organisms. As such, supplemental iron may predispose to infection. Indeed, there is much laboratory and clinical evidence to show that excess iron can result in the recrudescence of quiescent infections and increase the virulence of newly acquired infections. Thus, the competition between host and parasite may sometimes hinge on the relative availability of iron and it has been speculated that excess iron in infant milk formula may increase susceptibility to infectious diarrhoeal disease. The problem addressed by this thesis was to determine the utility of increasing the level of iron fortification of infant milk formula. Three questions were posed: Does increasing the level of iron fortification of conventional infant milk formula improve the iron nutrition of normal infants fed on the formula? Does increased iron fortification of infant milk formula alter immunity as reflected by incidence of infection and laboratory tests of immune function? Are there any handful effects of increasing the quantity of iron in conventional infant milk formula? A double blind randomized trial was carried out in 1983 and 1984 to answer these questions. A group of 149 healthy, well-nourished infants from a lower socio-economic community of so called Cape Coloureds were followed from the age of 3 months to 1 year. Half of the infants, the Control group, were given a commercially available infant milk formula (Lactogen Full Protein) which has 8.3 mg Fe/ 100 g formula and 37 mg ascorbic acid/ 100 g. The other half of subjects, the Test group, were given the same milk formula but fortified with iron to a concentration of 40 mg Fe/ 100 g. The children were examined every 3 or 4 weeks and any infection or history of infection was noted. Laboratory tests were done at the start of the trial and again on completion. During the trial, laboratory tests were performed only if clinically indicated. The tests included full blood count and differential analysis, red cell zinc protoporphyrin, plasma ferritin, plasma and hair zinc and lymphocyte subtyping with monoclonal antibodies. Within each group, half of the infants were randomly selected for assay of neutrophil bactericidal activity. The other half were assayed for lymphocyte blastogenic response to stimulation with phytohaemagglutinin. Tests of delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity to Candida antigen and PPD were done and all children and their mothers had antibodies to tetanus and polio determined. Results: 74 infants in the Control group started the trial and 62 completed it. In the Test group, 75 infants began and 70 completed the study. Intake of milk and solid foods was not quantified, but the ages of weaning and of introduction of new foods were determined. The Control and Test groups did not differ significantly on any test item. The mean age of completion of weaning was 3.60 months for the Control group and 4.04 months for the Test group. The Control group was first given meat or fish at a mean age of 5.19 months; the Test. group had meat or fish introduced to their diets at a mean age of 4.36 months. These differences were not statistically significant. The children in the Control group were lighter and shorter than the Test group at the end of the year. Mean standard deviation scores for weight were 0.23 and 0.48 respectively (P = 20%), while for length the SD scores were -0.13 and 0.06 (P = 20%).

Iron (Fe) deficiency affects more than 3 billion of the global population. The objectives of this study were to (1) determine the genetic and environmental variation of seed Fe concentration and food matrix factors that govern Fe bioavailability in field peas (Pisum sativum L.) grown in North Dakota, USA in 2010 and 2011, and (2) determine the genetic variation of Fe uptake by field pea grown under greenhouse conditions with different Fe treatments. Seed Fe concentration in field pea samples from the field study ranged between 46-53 mg/kg with a mean of 51 mg/kg. Mean concentrations of the food matrix factors in those field peas were as follows: phytic acid=5.1 mg/g, xanthophyll=17.3 mg/100 g, canthaxanthin=86.8 mg/100 g, beta-carotene=516.8 μg/100 g, kestose=1697 mg/100g, quercetin=54.3 mg/100 g, and ferulic acid=46.9 mg/100 g. DS Admiral and CDC Golden showed high concentrations of Fe promoter compounds and low concentrations of phytic acid. DS Admiral showed high Fe uptake with increasing Fe fertilizer rates in the greenhouse study. Therefore, DS Admiral and CDC Golden could be potential field pea genotypes for future Fe biofortification efforts.

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A series of four experiments was undertaken to determine both the quantitative and qualitative effects of magnesium deprivation on the urinary glycoproteins of adult and grow.ing rats. The glycoproteins were to be isolated in 0.58 M Na.Cl, the isolation technique for Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein. Quantitative excretion was measured as ɣ hexose/rat/day. Qualitative analyses were reported as percent of dry weight of material isolated. A glycoprotein-containing material precipitated spontaneously from the urine before addition of NaCl. The dry weight ratio of spontaneously precipitating material (Fraction I) to salt-precipitable material (Fraction II) was 16 to one in normal animals, 3.4 to one in depleted animals. The hexose to amino acid to uronic acids ratio was the same for both fractions in both groups. No hexosamines were found in either fraction. The ash content was lower in Fraction I for deficient animals, but higher in Fraction II for deficient animals, when compared to control animals. Increased phosphate binding by Fraction II from deficient animals was indicated. A slight rise in total glycoprotein excreted daily was shown in animals fed a magnesium deficient diet, but not until after the first week, when irreversible kidney damage is initiated. Control animals whose weight ga:m was restricted to 32% 0£ normal excreted less of Fraction I per day. Amino acid patterns of both fractions from all groups were similar, but differed from those reported for human and sheep Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein. All depleted animals showed a significant (p> 0.01} increase in kidney calcium content, and one group showed a significant (p> 0.01) decrease in kidney magnesium content at five weeks. / M.S.