Thesis--Bonn. / Spine title: Studien zu den Uffizien G. Vasaris in Florenz. Includes bibliographical references (p. 472-494).

The Mediterranean diet is rich in healthy substances such as fibres, vitamins and phenols. Often these molecules are lost during food processing. Olive oil milling waste waters, brans, grape skins are some of the most relevant agri-food by-products in the Mediterranean countries. These wastes are still rich in extremely valuable molecules, such as phenolic antioxidants, that have several interesting health promoting properties. Using innovative environmental friendly technologies based in the rational use of enzymatic treatment is possible to obtain from agri-food by-products new ingredients containing antioxidants that can be used as functional ingredients in order to produce fortified foods. These foods, having health protecting/promoting properties, on top of the traditional nutritional properties, are attracting consumer’s attentions due to the increasing awareness on health protection through prevention. The use of these new ingredients in different food preparation was studied in order to evaluate the effects that the food processing might have on the antioxidant fraction, the effect of these ingredient on foods appearances as well as the impact in terms of taste and scent, crucial feature for the acceptability of the final product. Using these new ingredients was possible to produce antioxidant bred, pasta, cheese, cookies and ice-cream. These food products retains very well the antioxidant properties conferred by the added ingredients despite the very different treatments that were performed. The food obtained had a good palatability and in some cases the final product had also a good success on the market.

Thesis--Bonn. / Spine title: Studien zu den Uffizien G. Vasaris in Florenz. Includes bibliographical references (p. 472-494).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Texas, 2005. / System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Includes bibliographical references (p. 147-153).

Recentemente, vari ricercatori si sono concentrati sulle proprietà funzionali dei muscoli, sulla meccanica e sulla cinematica legata al volo, ma senza la possibilità di consultare un’adeguata letteratura poiché assente o incompleta. Si è quindi ritenuto utile studiare la miologia della regione della spalla e del braccio di specie non in precedenza esaminate e che mostrassero differenti stili di volo, al fine di creare una base di informazioni per futuri studi funzionali. Tutte le specie prese in esame sono membri della famiglia degli Accipitridae e nello specifico si sono selezionati: il Falco pecchiaiolo (Pernis apivorus Linnaeus, 1758), l’Astore comune (Accipiter gentilis Linnaeus, 1758) e lo Sparviero eurasiatico (Accipiter nisus Linnaeus, 1758). Questi animali attuano stili di volo differenti e sono stati pertanto scelti per capire se diverse performance di volo potessero indurre una differenziazione dell’apparato muscolare. La comparazione dei dati raccolti durante questo studio con quelli presenti in letteratura in altre specie aviarie ha evidenziato che, mentre alcuni muscoli non sembrano andare incontro a grandi modificazioni nei rapaci, altri invece presentano una grande eterogeneità. In particolare, grazie alle caratteristiche dei diversi muscoli, si è potuto raggruppare questi ultimi in base a possibili funzioni comuni: a) muscoli che concorrono a stabilizzare l’ala rispetto al tronco e che assorbono le forze generate durante il volo; b) muscoli con possibile ruolo nel controllo della rotazione dell’omero; c) muscoli con possibile funzione propriocettiva. Il presente studio ha inoltre evidenziato, nei muscoli esaminati, alcune similitudini e molteplici peculiarità anatomiche non precedentemente segnalate in letteratura. Si ritiene che questo studio macroscopico possa rappresentare un punto di partenza per futuri studi microscopici o elettrofisiologici, a dimostrazione dell’importanza della dissezione quale primo strumento di indagine. / Many researchers have recently focused on the functional properties of muscles, and on the mechanics and kinematics of flight, without being able to consult an anatomical database since such a database was either non-existent or incomplete. In particular, this study examined the anatomy of the wing muscles of three Accipitridae, such as the European honey buzzard (Pernis apivorus Linnaeus, 1758), the northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis Linnaeus, 1758) and the eurasian sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus Linnaeus, 1758). These birds of prey were selected due to their different flight style in order to understand if such different flight performance could induce muscles differentiation. The comparison of the results of this study with other researches shows that some muscles exhibit a lesser degree of differentiation as compared to other previously examined birds of prey. However, in other muscles, many peculiarities were found. Based on the common characteristics of these muscles have been grouped into three sets with possible common function: a) muscles stabilizing the wing to the trunk and damping the forces generated during the flight; b) muscles that could control the rotation of the humerus; c) muscles maybe involved in proprioception. During this research, some similarities with other species but also many anatomical features not previously reported have been found. This study of gross anatomy could be an interesting starting point for future researches, such as microscopic or electrophysiological analysis, demonstrating the importance of gross anatomy as a means of preliminary examination.

I sottotipi H1N1, H1N2 e H3N2 di influenza A virus sono largamente diffusi nella popolazione suina di tutto il mondo. Nel presente lavoro è stato sviluppato un protocollo di sequenziamento di c.d. nuova generazione, su piattaforma Ion Torrent PGM, idoneo per l’analisi di tutti i virus influenzali suini (SIV). Per valutare l’evoluzione molecolare dei SIV italiani, sono stati sequenziati ed analizzati mediante analisi genomica e filogenetica un totale di sessantadue ceppi di SIV appartenenti ai sottotipi H1N1, H1N2 e H3N2, isolati in Italia dal 1998 al 2014. Sono stati evidenziati in sei campioni due fenomeni di riassortimento: tutti i SIV H1N2 esaminati presentavano una neuraminidasi di derivazione umana, diversa da quella dei SIV H1N2 circolanti in Europa, inoltre l’emoagglutinina (HA) di due isolati H1N2 era originata dal riassortimento con un SIV H1N1 avian-like. L’analisi molecolare dell’HA ha permesso di rivelare un’inserzione di due amminoacidi in quattro SIV H1N1 pandemici e una delezione di due aminoacidi in quattro SIV H1N2, entrambe a livello del sito di legame con il recettore cellulare. E’ stata inoltre evidenziata un’elevata omologia di un SIV H1N1 con ceppi europei isolati negli anni ’80, suggerendo la possibile origine vaccinale di questo virus. E’ stato possibile, in aggiunta, applicare il nuovo protocollo sviluppato per sequenziare un virus influenzale aviare altamente patogeno trasmesso all’uomo, direttamente da campione biologico. La diversità genetica nei SIV esaminati in questo studio conferma l’importanza di un continuo monitoraggio della costellazione genomica dei virus influenzali nella popolazione suina. / Three major swine influenza virus (SIV) subtypes (H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2) are currently identified in pigs worldwide. In this study, a protocol able to sequence all SIV subtypes using the Ion Torrent next generation sequencing technology was developed. Moreover, to investigate the genetic characteristics and the molecular evolution of Italian SIV circulating strains, we conducted genomic and phylogenetic analysis for each segment of sixty-two SIVs isolated in Italy between 1998 and 2014 comprising H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 strains. Two independent reassortment events in six SIV strains were detected. H1N2 SIVs showed the introduction of a human-like neuraminidase, different from the homologous of circulating H1N2 detected in Europe from swine. Two of these reassortant H1N2 strains contained an avian-like hemagglutinin (HA). Analysis of HA revealed a two-amino acid insertion in four H1N1 pandemic strains and a two-amino acid deletion in four H1N2 strains, both at the HA receptor binding site. High nucleotide identity between an H1N1 of this study and European field strains isolated in the 80s was revealed, suggesting a probable vaccine origin for this strain. Translational benefit of the newly developed protocol was immediately achieved by sequencing a H7N7 high pathogenic avian influenza virus, which caused disease in humans. The genetic diversity of SIVs demonstrated in our investigation confirms the importance of continuous monitoring of SIV genomic constellation.

Nei Roditori e nei Primati, studi di immunoistochimica condotti sulla formazione ippocampale hanno dimostrato che le proteine leganti il calcio (parvalbumina, calbindina-D28k e calretinina) sono dei marker che consentono di identificare differenti sottopopolazioni di neuroni. Nel presente studio è stata analizzata la distribuzione di queste proteine nella formazione ippocampale di cane. L’immunoreattività per la parvalbumina è stata localizzata in neuroni multipolari presenti nello strato polimorfo e nei campi CA3-CA1, così come in alcuni neuroni presumibilmente inibitori localizzati nel campo CA1 e nel subicolo. I granuli e le fibre muschiate presentavano una forte immunoreattività per la calbindina-D28k. Tale immunoreattività era evidente anche nei neuroni piramidali del campo CA1 e del subicolo ed in alcuni interneuroni, presumibilmente inibitori, distribuiti nella formazione ippocampale. L’immunoreatività per la calretinina era relativamente bassa in tutta la formazione ippocampale. Le analisi immunoistochimiche hanno evidenziato, nel giro dentato e nel campo CA1, una riduzione età-dipendente dell’immunoreattività per la parvalbumina e la calretinina. Le analisi condotte mediante risonanza magnetica hanno inoltre dimostrato una riduzione volumetrica età-dipendente della formazione ippocampale di cane. / In Rodents and Primates, immunohistochemical studies of the hippocampal formation have demonstrated that the calcium-binding proteins (parvalbumin, calbindin-D28k, and calretinin) are useful markers to identify different subpopulation of neurons. In the present analysis, we analyzed the distribution of these proteins in the canine hippocampal formation. Parvalbumin immunoreactivity was observed in multipolar neurons in the polymorphic cell layer and throughout the CA3-CA1 fields and in a few presumably interneurons neurons in the CA1 field and subiculum. Calbindin-D28k immunoreactivity displayed a strong labeling of the granule cells and mossy fibers. In addition, this immunoreactivity was also observed pyramidal cells of the CA1 and subiculum as well as in presumably inhibitory interneurons distributed throughout the hippocampal formation. Calretinin immunoreactivity was relatively weaker overall. Immunohistochemistry showed an age-related decrease in calretinin and parvalbumin expression in dentate gyrus and CA1 field. Age-associated changes of magnetic resonance imaging of canine hippocampal formation have also been observed.

Scopo primario delle attività di ricerca condotte nell’ambito di questo dottorato è stato quello di studiare le infezioni da protozoi e microsporidi enterici in specie ittiche d’allevamento e le micobatteriosi ittiche in ambienti d’allevamento e selvatici per ampliare le conoscenze su eziopatogenesi e diagnosi di queste patologie. Spigole, orate, rombi e cefali da diversi sistemi d’allevamento e di differenti età sono stati sottoposti ad indagini parassitologiche, molecolari ed istopatologiche per evidenziare, identificare e studiare protozoi Apicomplexa e Microsporidi a livello enterico, applicando diverse colorazioni istochimiche e, sui campioni positivi per microsporidi, la colorazione immunoistochimica con anticorpo anti-Encephalitozoon cuniculi. Su mugilidi selvatici e su spigole allevate sono stati condotti studi sui quadri istopatologici associati alle infezioni da Micobatteri atipici al fine di valutare la progressione delle lesioni. Le attività di ricerca hanno permesso di: individuare e descrivere in orate d’allevamento episodi d’infezione enterica da Enterospora nucleophila, microsporidio responsabile di sindromi emaciative in giovanili; rilevare massive infezioni da Cryptosporidium scophthalmi in rombi allevati e di infezioni da Cryptosporidium sp. in post-larve ed avannotti di orata; studiare infezioni da Mycobacterium spp. (M. fortuitum, M. abscessus, M. flavescens, M. chelonae, M. septicum, M. nonchromogenicum) in mugilidi selvatici con lesioni granulomatose positive alla ZN, e da Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida in soggetti con lesioni granulomatose negative; approfondire le conoscenze sulla micobatteriosi nella spigola descrivendo la concomitante presenza di lesioni a diverso stadio in tutti gli organi associate a presenza di batteri alcool-acido resistenti identificati come M. abscessus, M. scrofulaceum e M. gordonae sia all’interno delle lesioni che liberi nei tessuti e nei vasi, ipotizzando una forma di generalizzazione ematogena. Il rilievo di infezioni da micobatteri atipici in pesci marini allevati e selvatici appare di rilievo anche per le loro implicazioni in Sanità Pubblica. / Main aim of the research activities carried out within this PhD was to study the infections due to enteric protozoa and Microsporidia in farmed marine fish and mycobacteriosis by atypical mycobacteria in wild and farmed marine fish in order to increase the knowledge about etiopathogenesis and diagnosis of these diseases. European sea bass, gilthead sea bream, turbots and mullets from different breeding systems and at different ages were subjected to parasitological, molecular and histopathological analyses using different histochemical methods; moreover immunohistochemical stain with antibody for Encephalitozoon cuniculi on positive samples for microsporidiosis was performed. Wild mullets and farmed European sea bass were subjected to studies on histopathological features associated to atypical mycobacteria infections in order to evaluate the progression of lesions. The research activities have allowed to: identify and describe in sea bream episodes of enteric infection by Enterospora nucleophila, microsporidium causing emaciative syndromes in juveniles; detect Cryptosporidium scophthalmi massive infections in farmed turbots and Cryptosporidium sp. infection in post-larvae and fry of sea bream; study infections due to Mycobacterium spp. (M. fortuitum, M. abscessus, M. flavescens, M. chelonae, M. septicum, M. nonchromogenicum) in wild mullets with granulomatous lesions positive for ZN, and due to Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida in subjects with negative lesions; increase the knowledge on mycobacteriosis in sea bass describing in all organs the simultaneous presence of lesions at different stages associated with the presence of positive ZN bacteria identified as M. abscessus, M. scrofulaceum and M. gordonae, both within the lesions that free in tissues and vessels, allowing to hypothesize a form of hematogenous generalization. The finding of atypical mycobacteria in wild and farmed fish is also relevant for their implications for public health.

Avian metapneumovirus (AMPV) is an enveloped negative sense single stranded RNA virus which is a major endemic respiratory pathogen of global domestic poultry. Since reverse genetic (RG) techniques have been applied to this pathogen several reports have investigated the effects of single and multiple genomic mutations and gene deletions or insertions on viral biology. The vectoring abilities of subtype A strains have been also investigated. The aim of this study was to develop a new RG system in order to extend this type of studies to the B subtype, gain a better understanding of the viral capacity to accept and express heterologous extra sequences. Initially was performed a nucleotide and amino acid comparison between subtypes A and B, to establish whether subtype A RG components could be partially or fully substituted. Eventually a cDNA copy of subtype B genome was generated and the virus rescued using subtype A and B RG components. The vectoring abilities of subtype B was firstly investigated to accept and express both spike (S1) and nucleocapsid (N) genes of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). After viruses have been recovered by RG, all recombinants were found to be highly stable during passage in vitro and subsequently tested as candidate vaccines by eye-drop inoculation of one-day-old chickens. When chicks were challenged with IBV, negligible protection and replication results were observed. To improve the ability of the recombinant to induce protective immunity, the sequence of subtype B cDNA was modified in order to increase the replication in the respiratory tract. The new recombinants were rescued and challenge in vivo, showing an increase of the protection. Other strategies were adopted to improve the protection, as increasing the expression of the foreign genes and multiple genes insertions, but in most of the cases the virus rescue proved to be not possible.

This dissertation aims to provide theoretical and empirical evidence on which information signals can explain venture investments and performance. The first two studies are empirical, employing film industry as the ideal setting to support the theoretical framework. A film is considered a new venture (project-based), film producer and director are considered the core members of the new venture founding team (VFT), film’s script represents the new venture’s business idea and the distributor represents an intermediary that legitimates the VFT in the market. The first study explains how investors decrease new venture “liability of newness” through two main signals: the VFT reputation and the socio-political legitimacy of the new venture idea. I find that VFT reputation enhances the socio-political legitimacy of a new venture idea, which on its own decreases the effect of VFT reputation on attracting potential investors. The second study, combining signaling and agency theories, explore signals that determine new venture performance. Results find that VFT reputation is an agent’s “value signal” for venture investors (principals respect to a VFT) that is mediated by the investment of an intermediary in the new venture, which represents an efficient “commitment signal” to maximize the new venture performance. The intermediary considered assumes a special “dual role” in the VFT-investors’ relationship: it is an agent with respect to investors and, at the same time, it is a principal to the VFT. Finally, the third study is a literature review proposing a new operational model for established and new ventures that aim to acquire competitive advantage through three relevant signals: reputation, legitimacy and status. The model explains how managers and venture founders, through the acquisition of venture’s legitimacy and network status, could strategically affect the corporate reputation of their venture, leading it to higher societal status and greater competitive advantage.