An investigation of temporal dynamics of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and spatial patterns of dryness/wetness period over arid and semi-arid zones of Central Asia and their relationship with Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) values (1982-2011) have explored in this article. For identifying periodical oscillations and their relationship with NDVI values have selected El Nino 3.4 index and thirty years of new generation bi-weekly NDVI 3g acquired by the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) satellites time-series data. Based on identification ONI (Oceanic Nino Index) is a very strong El Nino (warm) anomalies observed during 1982-1983, 1997-1998 and very strong La Nino (cool) period events have observed 1988-1989 years. For correlation these two factors and seeking positive and negative trends it has extracted from NDVI time series data as “low productivity period” following years: 1982-1983, 1997 -1998; and as “high productivity period” following years: 1988 -1989. Linear regression observed warm events as moderate phase period selected between moderate El Nino (ME) and NDVI with following eriods:1986-1987; 1987-1988; 1991-1992; 2002-2003; 2009-2010; and moderate La Niña (ML) periods and NDVI (1998-1999; 1999-2000; 2007-2008) which has investigated a spatial patterns of wetness conditions. The results indicated that an inverse relationship between very strong El Nino and NDVI, decreased vegetation response with larger positive ONI value; and direct relationship between very strong La Niña and NDVI, increased vegetation response with smaller negative ONI value. Results assumed that significant impact of these anomalies influenced on vegetation productivity. These results will be a beneficial for efficient rangeland/grassland management and to propose drought periods for assessment and reducing quantity of flocks’ due to a lack of fodder biomass for surviving livestock flocks on upcoming years in rangelands. Also results demonstrate that a non-anthropogenic drivers of variability effected to land surface vegetation signals, nderstanding of which will be beneficial for efficient rangeland and agriculture management and establish ecosystem services in precipitation-driven drylands of Central Asia.

The topic of managing uncertain data has been explored in many ways. Different methodologies for data storage and query processing have been proposed. As the availability of management systems grows, the research on analytics of uncertain data is gaining in importance. Similar to the challenges faced in the field of data management, algorithms for uncertain data mining also have a high performance degradation compared to their certain algorithms. To overcome the problem of performance degradation, the MCDB approach was developed for uncertain data management based on the possible world scenario. As this methodology shows significant performance and scalability enhancement, we adopt this method for the field of mining on uncertain data. In this paper, we introduce a clustering methodology for uncertain data and illustrate current issues with this approach within the field of clustering uncertain data.

Es wird allgemein angenommen, dass Proteine exponentiell degradiert werden. Das bedeutet, dass neu synthetisierte als auch alte Proteine mit gleicher Wahrscheinlichkeit degradiert werden. Es tauchen jedoch immer mehr Hinweise dafür auf, dass das nicht immer der Fall sein muss. Um diese Fragestellung systematisch anzugehen, haben wir eine Methode zur metabolischen Pulsmarkierung mit der nichtkanonischen Aminosäure Azidohomoalanine (AHA) entwickelt. AHA ermöglicht die Anreicherung von neu synthetisierten Proteinen direkt nach einem Puls oder nach einer „chase“ (Nachverfolgung) Periode in AHA freiem Medium. Wir kombinierten diese Methode mit SILAC und Shotgun Proteomik um zu quantifizieren wieviel Protein nach verschiedenen chase-Perioden übrig bleibt. Damit konnten wir Degradationsprofile für tausende von Proteinen erstellen. Unsere Daten zeigen, dass mehr als 10 % der Proteine nicht exponentiell degradiert werden (NED). Diese Proteine werden mit fortschreitendem Alter ausschließlich stabiler. Proteasomale Degradation von überschüssigen Proteinkomplexuntereinheiten scheint einen Großteil der NEDs zu erklären. Beim Vergleich zwischen murinen und humanen Zellen stellte sich heraus, dass NED teilweise konserviert ist. Das liegt scheinbar daran, dass diese Zellen trotz unterschiedlichem Ursprungs einheitlich bestimmte Untereinheiten überproduzieren. Da überschüssige NED Proteine bereits unter Standardbedingungen degradiert werden, nahmen wir an, dass die zusätzliche Überproduktion eines NED Proteins seine Level im stationären Zustand nicht verändern sollte. Um dies zu zeigen, quantifizierten wir Degradationskinetiken von Proteinen einer aneuploidenZelllinie. Wir fanden, dass NED Proteine, die auf trisomischen Chromosomen codiert sind, nicht in gleichem Maße ihr stationäres Level steigerten wie exponentiell degradierte Proteine. In Übereinstimmung mit unserer Hypothese verzeichneten wir stattdessen eine Zunahme der anfänglichen Degradationsraten dieser NED Proteine. / Proteins are thought to be degraded exponentially. That means that newly synthesized proteins have the same probability to be degraded as old proteins. However, evidence has accumulated showing that this is not true in all cases. To analyze this more systematically, we developed a method employing metabolic pulse-labeling by the non-canonical amino acid azidohomoalanine (AHA). AHA enables enrichment of newly synthesized proteins directly after pulse or after chase in AHA-free medium. We used SILAC and shotgun proteomics to quantify how much protein remains after different lengths of chase to create degradation profiles for thousands of proteins. Importantly, these degradation profiles allowed us to detect changes in degradation kinetics as the proteins age. We found that more than 10 % of proteins are non-exponentially degraded (NED). These protein are exclusively stabilized by age. Proteasomal degradation of excess protein complex subunits seems to explain a large fraction of NED. Comparing NED in mouse and human cells, we found that NED is at least partially conserved, seemingly due to cells consistently making too much of certain subunits. These overproduced subunits are on average shorter and more structured than the exponentially degraded proteins within the same complex. Finally, since excess NED proteins are degraded during baseline conditions, we hypothesized that making more of a NED protein would not increase its steady state levels. We employed an aneuploidy cell model and found that indeed NED proteins encoded on trisomic chromosomes did not increase in steady state levels to the same extent as exponentially degraded proteins. Instead, we recorded an increase in initial degradation of these proteins. In summary, we present a method for global pule-chase experiments allowing the detection of age-dependent protein degradation with possible implications for the understanding of aneuploidy and cancer.