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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Regulace buněčné odpovědi na poškozenou DNA pomocí skládání komplexu MRN šaperonovým komplexem R2TP a pomocí kontroly buněčné lokalizace proteinu 53BP1. / Regulation of the DNA damage response by R2TP mediated MRN complex assembly and control of 53BP1 localisation.

Von Morgen, Patrick January 2017 (has links)
DNA double strand breaks are the most dangerous type of DNA damage. The MRN complex and 53BP1 have essential functions in the repair of DNA double strand breaks and are therefore important for maintaining genomic stability and preventing cancer. DNA double strand breaks are repaired by two main mechanisms - homologous recombination and non- homologous end joining. The MRN complex senses DNA double strand breaks and activates a cascade of posttranslational modifications that activates and recruits other effector proteins. In addition MRN mediated resection is important for removing adducts in non-homologous end joining and creating single stranded DNA required for homologous recombination. 53BP1 is recruited to DNA double strand breaks by site specific ubiquitinations and inhibits DNA resection, thereby promoting non-homologous end joining at the expense of homologous recombination. In this thesis we show that MRE11 binds to the R2TP chaperone complex through a CK2 mediated phosphorylation. Knockdown of R2TP or mutating the MRE11 binding site leads to decreased MRE11 levels and impaired DNA repair. Similar phenotype has been observed in cells from patients with ataxia-telangiectasia-like disorder (ATLD), containing MRE11 deletion mutation which is missing the R2TP complex binding site. Based on R2TP...
2

Global quantification of cellular protein degradation kinetics

McShane, Erik 31 March 2017 (has links)
Es wird allgemein angenommen, dass Proteine exponentiell degradiert werden. Das bedeutet, dass neu synthetisierte als auch alte Proteine mit gleicher Wahrscheinlichkeit degradiert werden. Es tauchen jedoch immer mehr Hinweise dafür auf, dass das nicht immer der Fall sein muss. Um diese Fragestellung systematisch anzugehen, haben wir eine Methode zur metabolischen Pulsmarkierung mit der nichtkanonischen Aminosäure Azidohomoalanine (AHA) entwickelt. AHA ermöglicht die Anreicherung von neu synthetisierten Proteinen direkt nach einem Puls oder nach einer „chase“ (Nachverfolgung) Periode in AHA freiem Medium. Wir kombinierten diese Methode mit SILAC und Shotgun Proteomik um zu quantifizieren wieviel Protein nach verschiedenen chase-Perioden übrig bleibt. Damit konnten wir Degradationsprofile für tausende von Proteinen erstellen. Unsere Daten zeigen, dass mehr als 10 % der Proteine nicht exponentiell degradiert werden (NED). Diese Proteine werden mit fortschreitendem Alter ausschließlich stabiler. Proteasomale Degradation von überschüssigen Proteinkomplexuntereinheiten scheint einen Großteil der NEDs zu erklären. Beim Vergleich zwischen murinen und humanen Zellen stellte sich heraus, dass NED teilweise konserviert ist. Das liegt scheinbar daran, dass diese Zellen trotz unterschiedlichem Ursprungs einheitlich bestimmte Untereinheiten überproduzieren. Da überschüssige NED Proteine bereits unter Standardbedingungen degradiert werden, nahmen wir an, dass die zusätzliche Überproduktion eines NED Proteins seine Level im stationären Zustand nicht verändern sollte. Um dies zu zeigen, quantifizierten wir Degradationskinetiken von Proteinen einer aneuploidenZelllinie. Wir fanden, dass NED Proteine, die auf trisomischen Chromosomen codiert sind, nicht in gleichem Maße ihr stationäres Level steigerten wie exponentiell degradierte Proteine. In Übereinstimmung mit unserer Hypothese verzeichneten wir stattdessen eine Zunahme der anfänglichen Degradationsraten dieser NED Proteine. / Proteins are thought to be degraded exponentially. That means that newly synthesized proteins have the same probability to be degraded as old proteins. However, evidence has accumulated showing that this is not true in all cases. To analyze this more systematically, we developed a method employing metabolic pulse-labeling by the non-canonical amino acid azidohomoalanine (AHA). AHA enables enrichment of newly synthesized proteins directly after pulse or after chase in AHA-free medium. We used SILAC and shotgun proteomics to quantify how much protein remains after different lengths of chase to create degradation profiles for thousands of proteins. Importantly, these degradation profiles allowed us to detect changes in degradation kinetics as the proteins age. We found that more than 10 % of proteins are non-exponentially degraded (NED). These protein are exclusively stabilized by age. Proteasomal degradation of excess protein complex subunits seems to explain a large fraction of NED. Comparing NED in mouse and human cells, we found that NED is at least partially conserved, seemingly due to cells consistently making too much of certain subunits. These overproduced subunits are on average shorter and more structured than the exponentially degraded proteins within the same complex. Finally, since excess NED proteins are degraded during baseline conditions, we hypothesized that making more of a NED protein would not increase its steady state levels. We employed an aneuploidy cell model and found that indeed NED proteins encoded on trisomic chromosomes did not increase in steady state levels to the same extent as exponentially degraded proteins. Instead, we recorded an increase in initial degradation of these proteins. In summary, we present a method for global pule-chase experiments allowing the detection of age-dependent protein degradation with possible implications for the understanding of aneuploidy and cancer.

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