In this thesis, the m-arity tree networks have been investigated to derive equations for their nodes, links and required wavelengths. The relationship among all parameters such as leaves nodes, destinations, paths and wavelengths has been found. Three situations have been explored, firstly when just one server and the leaves nodes are destinations, secondly when just one server and all other nodes are destinations, thirdly when all nodes are sources and destinations in the same time. The investigation has included binary, ternary, quaternary and finalized by general equations for all m-arity tree networks. Moreover, a multicast technology is analysed in this thesis to transmit data carried by specific wavelengths to several clients. Wavelengths multicast switching is well examined to propose split-convert-split-convert (S-C-S-C) multicast switch which consists of light splitters and wavelengths converters. It has reduced group delay by 13% and 29% compared with split-convert (S-C) and split-convert-split (S-C-S) multicast switches respectively. The proposed switch has also increased the received signal power by a significant value which reaches 28% and 26.92% compared with S-C-S and S-C respectively. In addition, wavelengths allocation algorithms in multicast technology are proposed in this thesis using tree networks topology. Distributed scheme is adopted by placing wavelength assignment controller in all parents’ nodes. Two distributed algorithms proposed shortest wavelength assignment (SWA) and highest number of destinations with shortest wavelength assignment (HND-SWA) algorithms to increase the received signal power, decrease group delay and reduce dispersion. The performance of the SWA algorithm was almost better or same as HND-SWA related to the power, dispersion and group delay but they are always better than other two algorithms. The required numbers of wavelengths and their utilised converters have been examined and calculated for the researched algorithms. The HND-SWA has recorded the superior performance compared with other algorithms. It has reduced number of utilised wavelengths up to about 19% and minimized number of the used wavelengths converters up to about 29%. Finally, the centralised scheme is discussed and researched and proposed a centralised highest number of destinations (CHND) algorithm with static and dynamic scenarios to reduce network capacity decreasing (Cd) after each wavelengths allocation. The CDHND has reduced (Cd) by about 16.7% compared with the other algorithms.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:18:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulo A B Panetta.pdf: 2725022 bytes, checksum: 647e2f895cbc2bf81fd00346a8f0e9ab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-05-07 / Fifteen rats were randomized to one of the five following groups (with three rats in each group) to examine the effects of different durations of light ( delay signal ) upon the response acquisition and maintenance of lever press with delayed reinforcement, on the absence of shaping. Two phases construct the experiment, with fifteen experimental sessions and two sessions in extinction on each phase. For the rats randomized to Chain II Group, when Phase 1 was initiated, the duration of the light was initially the same of the delay, but was reduced gradually across phase until it was no longer present with the delay period. For rats randomized to Chain III Group, there was no delay signal initially, but its duration was increased across phase until it equalized the duration of the programmed delay (4 s). The duration of the delay signal was always the same of the delay for the rats employed on Chain I Group, while the was no delay signal for rats randomized to Tand Group. With the rats randomized to the Control Group there was no delay on reinforcement. Within subjects, response rates where higher as the duration of the delay signal increased, with the highest acceleration when its duration was minimal. Response rates where higher also to prior rates when the duration of the delay signal was reduced, with the highest acceleration when its duration was minimal. The findings are discussed in terms of the conditioned reinforcement of the delay signal by reduction the delay between its onset and the reinforcer / Quinze ratos foram distribuídos em cinco grupos com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos de diferentes durações de luz, que eram apresentadas durante o período de atraso, sobre a aquisição e manutenção da resposta de pressão à barra com atraso de reforço, sem modelagem dessa resposta. O estudo foi dividido em duas fases com dezessete sessões cada (quinze sessões experimentais e duas em extinção). Na Fase 1, para os sujeitos do Grupo Encadeado III, a luz não estava presente nas sessões iniciais. Com o decorrer das sessões, a duração da luz foi aumentada gradualmente até que a sua duração cobrisse todo o período de atraso. Para os sujeitos do Grupo Encadeado II, duração da luz equivalia à totalidade do período de atraso nas sessões iniciais, sendo reduzida gradualmente a sua duração ao longo das sessões até não haver luz durante o período. Nas sessões dos sujeitos do Grupo Tandem não havia luz durante o período de atraso, enquanto nas sessões dos sujeitos do Grupo Encadeado I a duração luz sempre cobria a totalidade do período. Já nas sessões dos sujeitos do Grupo Controle não havia atraso de reforço. Decorrida a Fase 1, o período de atraso foi aumentado de 4 s para 8 s e iniciou-se a Fase 2, idêntica à anterior. Foi observada, em ambas as fases, um aumento na taxa de emissões e de reforços produzidos pelos sujeitos do Grupo Encadeado III na medida que a duração da luz era aumentada, com um aumento maior em ambas as fases quando a luz tinha sua duração mínima. Do mesmo modo, foi notado um pequeno aumento na taxa de emissões e de reforços produzidos pelos sujeitos do Grupo Encadeado II a partir da redução na duração da luz, com aumento maior quando a duração da luz era mínima. Os resultados do presente estudo foram discutidos a partir da noção de reforçador condicionado e da hipótese da redução do atraso proposta por Fantino (1969, 1977)